These entries for "Rosa" were in OSWALD'S address book:

(1) Kuznetsova, Rosa Inter. Hotel Minsk 9-2-463.

(2) Kuznetsova, Rosa Inter Hotel Minsk 9-2-463 House 30 Apt. 8 Ul. Kola Miskneva (?).

(3) Rosa House 130 Apt. 8.

(4) Rosa House 13 Apt. 8 Karla Oginkneta (Liebknecht?) Street (?).

(5) Rosa Karl Liebnecht Street 130, apartment 8. Telephone 9-2-463.

The CIA: "Traces: None on Kuznetsova or her address. The Minsk Telephone Directory gives 9-2-462 as the number of Inturist, Minsk Hotel. 9-24-463 is not listed."

On January 28, 1964, a CIA staff employee, presumably from Counter-Intelligence, generated this document: "Rosa Kuznetsova, former wife of Augustin Trueba (Calvo), may be identical with the Rosa Kuznetsova who was shown in the address book as being with Intourist at the Hotel Minsk." In 1993 the CIA released this document:

TO: Chief/Research Branch/OS/SRS

FROM: (Deleted)

SUBJECT: LEE HARVEY OSWALD

Address Book

Rosa Kuznetsova

2. According to information in a July 27, 1960, (deleted) report on a May 1960 interview with Augustin Trueba (Calvo), (deleted) Rosa Kuznetsova is the first wife of Augustin Trueba and at that time (May 1960) was living in Moscow with their daughter Ludmilla Kuznetsova.

3. Augustin Trueba was described as a 36-year-old married male who had been repatriated to Spain from the USSR in December 1956 after having left Spain to go to the Soviet Union in 1939 and having remained there. In October 1959 he walked into the Office of the Labor Attache of the U.S. Embassy, Spain, and offered information about his work in the Soviet Union; (deleted). 4. Augustin Trueba's interview in May 1960 reflected that he was withholding information regarding: helping or working for Soviet Intelligence and being sent to Spain by the Soviets, signing an agreement to work for Soviet Intelligence, information about Communist and Komsomol membership and other factors; (Deleted.) During his (deleted) interview, which was conducted in Spain, Augustin Trueba (deleted) commented that he had caused his daughter enough trouble...since he had left his wife when his daughter was quite young...According to Augustin Trueba he met Rosa Kuznetsova in 1945 and married her later that year. He said that his daughter did not recognize him and did not know him to be her father...During his (deleted) interview, Augustin Trueba, who admitted that he had lied on various accounts, became uncooperative and bluntly refused to cooperate further. Signed (Deleted)."

On January 31, 1964, (Deleted) signed a memorandum for the Record in response to the document about Rosa Kuznetsova having been married to Augustin Trueba. Based on the description of Rosa Kuznetsova furnished by the Historic Diary, - lived in Minsk, blonde, 23, (Deleted) concluded the two Rosa Kuznetsovas were not identical. After (Deleted) spoke with the staff member, the latter ceased to conjecture: "The possibility of these two individuals being identical was discussed with (deleted) and he expressed the opinion that based on his knowledge of the case it appeared quite clear to him that the Rosa Kuznetsova concerning whom entries were made in the address book was identical with the Rosa Kuznetsova referred to in the diary."

People with the same name are not necessarily the same person, however, the CIA found no traces in Minsk of a tourist guide, or anyone else named Rosa Kuznetsova, nor could it verify that 130 Karl Liebnecht Street was a valid Minsk address. Why? OSWALD wrote: "I study russian elemantry and advanced grammas from text books with a English speaking Russian intourist teacher by the name of Rosa Agafonava, Minsk January to May 1960." The Warren Commission remarked: "Reference to 'Rosa Agafanova' probably should be to 'Rosa Kuznetsova'." [CIA 458, 1306-471, 1304-473, 1545-458 rel. 5.18.82; WR p833 fn 116 WCE 93 p340] Eric Titovitz, who knew OSWALD at this time, reported Rosa Kuznetsova died in January 1992 in Minsk. Eric Titovitz became a neurosurgeon and professor.

The Historic Diary: On "January 8, 1960 I meet the city mayor, Comrade Shrapof, who welcomes me to Minsk promises me a rent free apartment "soon" and warns me about "uncultured persons" who sometimes insult foriengers. My interputer: Roman Detkof, Head For. Tech. Instit. next door.

"January 10, 1960. The day to myself. I walk through city, very nice." Norman Mailer reported that in Minsk OSWALD'S case was assigned to KGB Officer Igor Ivanovitch Guzmin. Igor Ivanovitch Guzmin told Norman Mailer that it had been decided on the highest levels after the suicide attempt to let him stay, even though his suicide attempt may have been staged. Igor Ivanovitch Guzmin assigned Stepan Vasilyevich Gregorieff to OSWALD. Hundreds of pages later Norman Mailer told his readers these names were pseudonyms. Why not say it at the outset? Norman Mailer determined that the KGB watched OSWALD on January 9, 1969, January 10, 1960, January 13, 1960 and January 30, 1960.

Minsk was a center of science and technology. OSWALD received a position in the experimental division of the Minsk radio plant, an apartment, and a subsidy from the Soviet Red Cross. The CIA: "During this period he was also helped financially by various Russians in Moscow, but Marina Oswald did not know the extent of their aid (nor did she indicate she knew their identities)." [CIA Chron. LHO in USSR 1.24.64]

"January 12, 1960 I vist Minsk Radio Factory where I shall work. There I meet Argentinian immigrant Alexander Zeger. Born a Polish Jew. immi to Argen. in 1933 and back to Polish homeland (now part of Belo.) in 1955. Speaks English with Amer. accent he worked for Amer. Com. in Argen. He is Head of a Dept. A quialified engenien. in late 40's, mild mannered, likable. He seems to want to tell me somet. I show him my tempor. docu. and say soon I shall have Russ. citiz."

In 1938 Alexander Ziger emigrated from Poland to Argentina where he worked for an American company. This is assuming that "Amer. Com. in Argen" stands for "American Company." (Another possible interpretation is "American Committee." The Office of Inter-American Affairs was known in South America as the "American Committees.") Alexander Ziger returned to Poland in 1956 "homesick for his native land and taken in by their propaganda." The CIA stated: "Available records show that the ship Salta, when leaving Buenos Aires, Argentina, for Odessa, USSR, on July 1, 1956, carried repatriates back to the Soviet Union. Among them were Alexander Ziger, Soviet, age 44, engineer. Ana Ziger, Soviet, age 46...A report of 1957 refers to Alejandro Ziger, a Pole, and radio-telephonic expert, 44 years old, married to Ana Dmitruk, a Pole, 47 years old." [Draft of 518-219] The Zigers native land was by then part of the USSR. The Zigers ended up living in Minsk. In 1957 Ziger applied for an exit visa at the Argentine Embassy, Moscow. He was refused. OSWALD wrote: "...In Minsk the capital of belorussia the ministry of Interia [Inertia?] became responsible in 1960 for determining the eligibility of aplicants for hard to get exit visas too leave the USSR formaly the official progrative of Moscow alone but now that this state ministry in Moscow has "withered away" it becomes all the more difficule to get an exit visa since now one had to go to the area, city and republican state capital commites of beaurocrats and on top of all that a last finial O.K. has to come from increadibly the Moscow ministry of foreign affairs!!" [WCE 25 p10]

The CIA identified Alexander Ziger's friend Anatoliy as Anatol Kholodov, after the Warren Report was released. A check of unspecified Agency files on November 18, 1964, revealed "no identifiable information on Kholodov."

The Warren Commission believed the Zigers were susceptible to persecution because of their association with OSWALD. Like Rimma Sherakova, the name "Ziger" was changed when Life Magazine printed excerpts from OSWALD'S Historic Diary. Dr. Alfred Goldberg, who wrote much of the Warren Report, "indicated that some of OSWALD'S references to the Zigers had been toned down to protect them." In 1977, Alexander Ziger lived in Minsk. Alexander Ziger died in the early 1990's possibly in Israel. [Slawson: Rankin with I.D. Levine-Transmittal 2-6.2.64, transcript pp. 14-16; WC Inventory & Evidence 3-6 Slawson; WC Rankin Memo 10.6.64; CIA 947-927; Conversation with telephone operator, Minsk, USSR]

"Jan. 13, 1960 - March 16, 1960 I work as a "checker" metal worker, pay: 700 Rubles a month, work very easy, I am learning Russian quickly now. Everyone is friendly and kind. I meet many young Russian workers my own age. They have varied personalities. All wish to know about me even offer to hold a mass meeting so I can say. I refuse politly. At night I take Rosa to the thearter, movie or operas almost every day I'm living big and am very satisfied. I recive a check from the Red Cross every 5th of the month "to help." The check is 700 Rubles. Therefore every month I make about 1400 R. about the same as the director of the factory! Zeger obseres me during this time. I don't like: picture of Lenin which watchs from its place of honour and phy. Traning at 11.-11.10 each morning (complusery) for all. (Shades of H.G. Wells)

March 16, 1960. I receive a small flat one room kitchen-bath near the factory (8 min. walk) with splendid view from 2 balconies of the river. Almost rent free (60. Rub. A month) it is a Russians dream."

OSWALD'S upstairs neighbor, Maya Gertzovich, reported that in the Spring of 1960 the KGB asked her to vacate her apartment for a weekend; she presumed they had planted a listening device in OSWALD'S ceiling.

"March 17, 1960 to April 31, 1960 - work, I have lost contact with Rosa after my housemoving. I meet Pavil Golovacha. A younge man my age friendly, very intelligent, a exalant radio tehniction his father is Gen. Golovacha, commander of Northwestern Siberia. Twice hero of USSR in W.W. 2"

Pavel P. Golovachev [Ul. Kalinina, 24 Apartment 31, Minsk, Bylorussian Republic 220012, C.I.S. tel (0172) 669-815 home and The Radio Factory (work) (0172) 331-883] was the son of General Golovachev. In one CIA Name List with Traces, by ANGLETON [CIA CSCI 3/781,172 also CSCI - 3/779,817], Pavel P. Golovachev was ignored in favor of his father. In another, he had traces in the CIA's Office of Security of the CIA. Norman Mailer reported that he was considered to be "of a dissident nature." In November 1991 and May 1992, Pavel P. Golovachev was interviewed by a Canadian film crew. He said that shortly after he met OSWALD, a KGB officer approached him at his home. The officer requested that Pavel P. Golovachev meet with him every few months in a Minsk park and report on OSWALD'S activities. Pavel P. Golovachev said he acquiesced, because he believed, "It was entirely possible OSWALD was a CIA spy." In a 1992 article in Izvestia, the current version of the KGB stated that Pavel P. Golovachev was blackmailed into informing on OSWALD. Pavel P. Golovachev added that he reported to Alexander Feydorovich Kostyukov, and that he told OSWALD about his KGB contact in the Summer of 1961. Nevertheless, Pavel P. Golovachev remained in contact with the KGB until OSWALD departed.

In March 1960 Marguerite Oswald wrote to the State Department and asked it to contact her son. A cable went to Moscow suggesting a message be relayed to OSWALD. The American Embassy replied to Washington that no action had been taken, because OSWALD could not be located. [DOS prim. ser. 0056; WCE 12C file 294 DOS; SCS 261.1122]

A State Department Operations Memorandum dated MARCH 23, 1960, read:

TO: American Embassy, Moscow

FROM: The Department of State

SUBJECT: CITIZENSHIP AND PASSPORTS - LEE HARVEY OSWALD

Unless and until the Embassy comes into possession of information or evidence upon which to base the preparation of a certificate of loss of nationality in the name of LEE HARVEY OSWALD, there appears to be no further action possible in this case.

An appropriate notice has been placed in the Passport Office's lookout card section in the event that Mr. OSWALD should apply for documentation at a post outside the Soviet Union.

PPT:B Waterman: Jn: March 25, 1960.

Reason for refusal: "May have been naturalized in the Soviet Union or otherwise have expatriated himself. Frances G. Knight. March 25, 1960."

A refusal sheet is prepared for insertion in the passport file when information is received which may effect the issuance of the passport. It is used primarily as a 'flag' and does not necessarily mean the person concerned should be denied passport facilities. It does indicate, however, that a lookout card for the named individual should have been prepared.

The State Department reported: "The FEA card record shows as follows: March 13, 1960, case to BW (Bernice Waterman)...March 28, 1960, Refusal for Warning..."

The State Department reported: "The information from Moscow, beginning in October 1959, indicating that OSWALD desired to renounce his citizenship and to acquire Soviet citizenship, was sufficient basis for the preparation of a lookout card for use until the expatriation question was resolved. The passport file shows that a refusal sheet was prepared on March 25, 1960, at the same time an Operations Memorandum was drafted to the American Embassy at Moscow. The Operations Memo which was approved and mailed on March 28, 1960, stated in part: 'An appropriate notice has been placed in the lookout section of the Passport Office in the event that Mr. OSWALD should apply for documentation at a post outside the Soviet Union.' The refusal sheet should have led to the placement of a lookout card in the ordinary course of business. At that time, such cards were prepared in the Clearance Section of the Passport Office. A present review of the passport file tends to indicate that a lookout card may not have been prepared or filed. This opinion is based on the following grounds:

(1) No such card has been located.

(2) Under standard operating procedures in effect in March 1960, a file "130" should have been placed on the refusal sheet immediately preceding the name on the index line on the right margin of the sheet when the card had been made. No such file number appears on the sheet.

(3) The passport file contains a record stamp of a 'PT/RCL (Lookout Files)' search made on August 2, 1961, which reports 'No Lookout file record' located on that date.

There is no evidence or information contained in the file to indicate that any action was taken to remove from the lookout card file any card which may have been filed pursuant to the refusal sheet.

The file shows refusal sheet prepared by Miss Waterman on March 25, 1960, - "May have been in the Soviet Union or otherwise expatriated himself." Immediately on top of this sheet is a File Request Form prepared by G. Masterton dated April 6, 1960, - PT/FEA. The Search Report on this form shows the following boxes checked

X Classified File

X File Attached

The Search Report is dated March 12, 1960.

The FEA card record shows as follows:

March 28, 1960, Refusal for Warning

April 6, 1960, Conference OM [Office Memo]

April 13, 1960, Same and case to BW

This sequence indicated that the file was sent to file after OM to Moscow was mailed. Then the file was returned to FEA on April 13, 1960, with search request form." [DOS FOIA 11-1-10004-10027; File Request Form G. Masterton April 11, 1960, - PT/FEA.Search Report dated April 12, 1960; NARA 11-1-10004-10027]

A lookout card is a small IBM card kept in a special file maintained in the Passport Office. Without a lookout card a refusal sheet is worthless because a lookout card is an index to numerous refusal sheets. It appears as if a lookout card was prepared for OSWALD then removed from OSWALD'S file. The employees concerned with the preparation of a lookout card on OSWALD were Bernice Waterman, Henry F. Kupiec and John T. White.

On the day that Francis Gary Powers was shot down, May 1, 1960, OSWALD attended a party at the home of the Zigers: "May Day came as my first holiday all factories ect. closer after spetacular military parage all workers parad past reviewed stand waving flags and pictures of Mr. K. ect. I follow Amer. custom of marking a holiday by sleeping in in morning. At night I vist with the Zegers daughters at an party thron by them about 40 people came many of Argentine origen we dance and play around and drink until 2 a.m. When party breaks up. Leonara Zeger oldest dau. 26 formally married, now divorced, a talanted singer. Anita Zeger so very gay, not so attractive but we hit it off. Her boy-friend Alfred is a Hungarian chap, silent and brooding, not at all like Anita. Zeger advises me to go back to U.S.A., its the first voice of dissention I have heard. I respect Zeger, he has seen the world. He say many and relats many things I do not know about the U.S.S.R. I begin to feel inside, its true!!"

OSWALD applied for admission to Patrice Lumumba University in Moscow. In May 1960 OSWALD was refused admission by the KGB: "Esteemed citizen HARVEY OSWALD! We ask you to pardon us for the delay in answering your application for studying at the University of the Friendship of Nations, named for Patrice Lumumba. It is evident to us that you desire to study at the University of Friendship of Nations, however, regretfully, we may not satisfy your request in view of the fact that the University was created exclusively for youth of underprivileged countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Concerning citizens of other countries, or stateless citizens, they may be accepted in any other institution of higher learning of the Soviet Union in accordance with existing regulations for them. P. Chikarev (Typewritten Signature) Voloshin (Handwritten signature)."

CIA Traces on Voloshin:

1. As of July 1959, P.T. Voloshin was Deputy Chief of the Protocol Division of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR.

2. Pavel Trofimovich Voloshin, identified as a Soviet State Security officer since about 1940, was in the United States (visiting Los Angeles, California, as well as other American cities) with a Soviet dance group in July and August 1959. During September and October 1959 he visited the Soviet Embassy in Mexico City as "Chief Inspector of the Protocol Section of the Ministry of Culture." From July 1961 until January 1963 he was stationed at the Hague in the Netherlands as: "Inturist Representative to the Benelux countries." In view of a probable relationship between Patrice Lumumba Friendship University and the Ministry of Culture, Pavel Trofimovich Voloshin may be identical with the (fnu) Voloshin who signed for Chikarev.

OSWALD attempt to infiltrate Patrice Lumumba University was unsuccessful - so he began to take the necessary steps to return to the United States. [DOS Memo for files 11.17.59 Richard Snyder; WCE 72,32]

On May 2, 1960, Marguerite Oswald was interviewed by FBI Special Agent John W. Fain. The title of this interview was, "Funds Transmitted to Residents of Russia." Marguerite Oswald had mailed LEE a money order for $25 on January 22, 1960, five months before FBI S.A. John W. Fain contacted her about it.

She told S.A. John Fain that she was "currently employed as a supply mother at the Methodist Orphans home in Waco, Texas, and that she had come to Fort Worth that day in as much as this was her day off...Mrs. OSWALD stated she has been very much upset and uneasy concerning her son LEE HARVEY OSWALD...She stated that following his discharge in September 1959, he came to Fort Worth for a visit of three days and thereafter left Fort Worth with the expressed intention of going to New Orleans, Louisiana. She stated that he indicated to her when he left Fort Worth that he planned to resume his employment with an import-export company at New Orleans...He had engaged in the import-export employment prior to his entry into the United States Marine Corps. She stated that he had mentioned something about his desire to travel and said something about the fact he might go to Cuba. Mrs. OSWALD stated that shortly after LEE arrived in New Orleans she received the following letter postmarked at New Orleans 'Dear Mother: Well I have booked passage on a ship to Europe. I would have had to sooner or later, and I think it is best that I do it now. Just remember above all else that my values are very different from Robert's or yours. It is difficult to tell you how I feel. Just remember this is what I must do. I did not tell you about my plans because you could hardly expected to understand. Lee.' Mrs. Oswald stated she was very much shocked and surprised later to learn that he had gone to Moscow, Russia. She stated she has no idea how he got there but she does know that he had saved up about $1,600 from his service in the Marines. She stated that he did not previously discuss with her any intention to go to Moscow. She stated he had never shown any proclivities for the ideologies of Communism. She stated that he had never expressed any sympathy for Russia or the Communistic system. She stated that he was always a studious type of individual and that he read books that were considered 'deep.'" Mrs. Oswald stated that she would not have been surprised to learn that LEE had gone to South America or Cuba, but that it had never entered her mind that he might go to Russia or that he might try to become a citizen there...She stated she was greatly surprised and disappointed that he had taken this action. She stated that she has suffered a great deal of embarrassment as a result of inquiries from newspaper reporters concerning LEE."

Robert Oswald was also interviewed. He told the FBI that he "had never known LEE HARVEY OSWALD to have any sympathy for or connection with Communism before this occurred." On May 25, 190 J. Edgar Hoover sent a copy of this interview to Richard Helms. The CIA's Records Integration Group routed it to CI/SIG. The CIA reclassified this document from Confidential to Secret on May 25, 1960. [WCD 692]

On May 25, 1960, CIA's Plans component generated an OSWALD index card that listed him as a Soviet citizen living in Moscow:

OSWALD, LEE HARVEY

SEX M DOB OCTOBER 18, 1939 074-500 DBF -49478

NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA May 25, 1960 P7

CIT USSR

MOSCOW, USSR

Ex-U.S. Marine, who upon his discharge from the Marine Corps., September 1959 traveled to USSR to renounce his U.S. Citizenship.

The number 074-500 was a CIA file entitled "USSR Miscellaneous" and consisted of 43 CIA documents from 1948 to 1977. [Allen v. DOD 003387 1519; CIA 2-524]

The FBI reported that on or about January 26, 1961, Marguerite Oswald appeared at the U.S. Department of State in Washington, D.C. and advised that she had come to Washington to see what could be done to help her son. "Mrs. Oswald said she had come to Washington to see what further could be done to help her son, indicating that she did not feel that the Department had done as much as it should in his case. She also said she thought there was some possibility that her son had in fact gone to the Soviet Union as a United States secret agent, and if this were true she wished the appropriate authorities to know that she was destitute and should receive some compensation. Mrs. Oswald was assured that there was no evidence to suggest that her son had gone to the Soviet Union as an agent, and that she should dismiss any such idea." Marguerite Oswald spoke with D.E. Boster, Edward J. Hickey and D.E. Boster.

In June 1960 Marguerite Oswald told the FBI the actions of her son were so uncharacteristic, she believed he might have been kidnapped while on the way to Europe to attend Albert Schweitzer College, and that an impostor could be using his identification. To substantiate her theory, she cited a letter from the college inquiring why he had not shown up for the fall semester. On June 3, 1960, J. Edgar Hoover sent a memorandum to the State Department: "There is a possibility that an impostor is using OSWALD'S birth certificate." J. Edgar Hoover wanted State Department documents on OSWALD. When OSWALD returned to the United States, OSWALD was asked if he had brought his birth certificate with him to Russia. He told the FBI he had not.

Davis Eugene Boster, of the Soviet Division of the Department of State, responded to J. Edgar Hoover. D.E. Boster was born on September 14, 1920. From 1939 to 1942 he worked as a newspaper reporter. He was in the U.S. Navy from 1942 to 1947. D.E. Boster was contacted in June 1993. He said that the Navy had trained him in the Russian language from 1946 to 1947, but he was never with the Office of Naval Intelligence. He became Attache at the U.S. Embassy, Moscow, in July 1947. In 1949 he returned to Washington, became a Foreign Affairs Analyst and an International Relations Officer at State Department Headquarters and by January 1958, he was Special Assistant to Secretary of State John Foster Dulles. In 1959 he was working as a Sovietologist for the Soviet Section (SOV), and was the Officer in Charge of Bilateral Political Relations, Office of Soviet Union Affairs. In the early 1960's, D.E. Boster was transferred to the American Embassy, Mexico City. He remained at this post until January 1964, when he went back to Washington to work in the Office of Inter-American Affairs. D.E. Boster informed J. Edgar Hoover that the State Department had no information on an OSWALD impostor. In 1993 D.E. Boster had no recollection of this correspondence.

J. Edgar Hoover cabled the Paris Legal Attache and ordered him to investigate the possibility that OSWALD had been kidnapped. On July 27, 1960, September 27, 1960, October 12, 1960, and November 3, 1960, the FBI received information on OSWALD. These cables from the Paris Legal Attache were highly deleted because they involved liaison with foreign police agencies. Other cables stated, "OSWALD was not in attendance at Albert Schweitzer College in Churwalden, Switzerland," and that there was no information on an OSWALD impostor. [FBI List A 105-82555 WFO; DOS serial 0070-7.11.60; FBI 105-82555-8,5-11.3.60, 9-9.27.60, 10-10.12.60; WCD 834 p9]

Marguerite Oswald's speculations stemmed from the fact that she knew her son LEE better than anyone else in the world. She had lived with him for 16 years on a day-to-day basis; she knew he was not a Communist. She knew that something was happening but she wasn't sure what it was. Hoover could not understand how someone who was supposed to go to Albert Schweitzer College ended up defecting in Moscow and took the OSWALD imposter theory seriously.

On June 18, 1960, OSWALD was issued a hunting license. Combined with it was a registration of hunting weapons that listed a single-barreled 16-gauge shotgun belonging to OSWALD. Had OSWALD been allowed to purchase this weapon because he had furnished the KGB with information? Had he told the KGB he feared reprisals from the CIA, even in the Soviet Union? Marina Oswald recalled only one occasion when he went hunting. Pistols and rifles were prohibited by Soviet law. OSWALD reportedly was irritated because the Soviet Government did not allow him to own a pistol. [NYT 11.27.63] Peter Wronski reported that OSWALD told his girlfriend Ella German [Ella German Prohorchik Uritskovo Ul, 4, Apt 108, Minsk, Bylorussian Republic 220050 C.I.S. Tel. (0172) 333 018] that he was hunted in Moscow by Soviet agents. Ella German: "Alec said to me that he came to live in Minsk because it was more out of the way - in Moscow there was too much attention being paid to him. He said that in Moscow he was sort of 'famous' when he first arrived and that people from the U.S. Embassy tried to hunt him down to kill him. I didn't believe that Alec returned to the U.S. When people told me that I insisted, 'No, that could never be.' Because he had always told me that he was afraid to return to the United States because it was 'bang-bang' for him if he ever went back." Ella German told Norman Mailer the same thing: "Once, after they first started going out, he was quite upset. It was when news came to Minsk that an American U-2 had been shot down over Soviet territory, and its pilot, Francis Gary Powers, had been captured. LEE asked her 'What do you think, Ella? Can it damage me because I'm American?' She told him not to worry personally, because no one can say you are responsible. She tried to calm him down and talked to him nicely. She wasn't really sure, but she did want to support him. It was their most emotional moment yet. LEE told Ella that when he lived in Moscow he was afraid of Americans more than Russians. In fact, he told her, the Soviet authorities had sent him to Minsk because he would be safe there. He even said, 'Here in Minsk I'm invisible. But when I came to Moscow I was really outstanding.' Americans had been very interested in him, he told her, and had been hunting him and wanted to kill him. She thought maybe he had offered some information to obtain a Soviet citizenship, information Americans didn't want given out. He said, 'If I go back to America, they'll kill me.' It made him more interesting, but she didn't believe it. was real. She just thought they were passing remarks." [New Yorker 4.10.95]

OSWALD'S address book:

20575 Sharapov

Minsk House

No. 4, Apt. 24

UL. Kalinina.

According to the diary on January 8, 1960 OSWALD was met by the Mayor of Minsk Shrapov, who welcomed him to the city. The name SHARAPOV and the phone number 20575 were found on pages 45 and 81 of the address book, and the notation Comrade Sharapov 20525" was on a paper found in OSWALD'S possession by New Orleans Police in 1963.

Traces:

1. Vasili Ivanovich Shrapov has been Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Minsk City Council since June 1954.

2. The 1963 Minsk Telephone Directory lists the following office under the number 20575: The Receptionist of the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the City Council of Worker's Deputies. Address: Karla Marksa 12.

Minsk House No. 4, Apt. 24 UL. Kalinina was OSWALD'S address in Minsk. Warren Commission presumed "Shrapov" and "Sharapov" were identical. The CIA ran traces on Sharapov:

TO: Chief, Research Branch/SRS

FROM: M. D. Stevens

SUBJECT: LEE HARVEY OSWALD CASE (Address Book)

C. Sharapov could conceivably have referred to one of several persons by that name in Security Indices:

(1) Lt. Col. Nikolai Georgeiyevich Sharapov, who is described as an Russian Intelligence Service career officer, is an old time Chekist with interrogation experience. In 1942 he was chief of a small counter-espionage section in the Second Directorate of the NKVD[the predecessor to the KGB]. In 1942 he held the rank of Captain, and sometime after February 1954 became the Chief of the Seventh Chief Directorate Section of the MVD [the domestic counterpart of the KGB]. He is said to have participated in the arrest of Beria. Nikolai Georgeiyevich Sharapov was born about 1909, was married, and as of 1954 had a 13-year-old son. He also had daughters, aged seven and three, by a mistress, Olga Khokhlova. It should be noted that Nikolai Georgeiyevich Sharapov has a son about OSWALD'S age. In a February 24, 1955 CIA information report, 'KGB Organizations, Functions and Personalities,' Nikolai Georgeiyevich Sharapov was listed as the KGB (X Directorate) Independent Section, Surveillance Section (NN), Sub-Section Chief.

(2) According to the 1930 testimony of E.Y. Belitskiy aka Yefim Belitskiy, the father of Boris Yefimovich Belitskiy, #175069-SSD, one P.I. Sharapov was at one time a director of the All-Russian Textile Syndicate in New York City, as he (E.Y. Belitskiy) also had been. The Syndicate, he said, was actually part of the Soviet Government and was controlled as such. See attachment regarding Boris Y. Belitskiy.

ATTACHMENT

According to several sources, Belitskiy is an associate of Aline Mosby, whose name appeared in OSWALD'S address book...She is also mentioned in CI/SIG's cover memorandum dated January 10, 1964.

According to (deleted) SR/2/CE, #56948 SD & SSD, in September 1958, Aline Mosby was in direct contact with Belitskiy, a Russian official at the Brussels World's Fair, and "was the center of a great deal of activity for (him). (Deleted) stated that Belitskiy, who was the head of the British Division of Radio Moscow had been an interpreter for the Russians at the Brussels World Fair. He previously had been in the United States with his father who was with AMTORG in the late 1920's/ early 1930's. (Deleted) said that Belitskiy attended school in New York City and that the family returned to Russia in 1936 or 1937.

With further reference to Mosby (Deleted) noted that there was a direct relationship between Mosby, Koch (Carl Henry Koch #50001) and Volkoff (George Volkoff #152385 -SSD) - all of whom had been of interest with reference to Belitskiy.

Other whom Mosby knew included Alexander Dolberg, #165651 - SSD, to whom she was introduced by McKinney H. Russell #83853 - SSD, still another who was of interest in connection with Belitskiy.

CI/SIG was advised in late 1958 regarding the above individuals and informed that CI/OA was also interested in them.

According to information furnished by Fitzgerald Curtis Smith, #176178 - SSD, during a debriefing in June 1959, Boris Y. Beitskiy, whom Smith knew in Moscow was in great fear of being purged "as was his father, a Russian Jew, who had once lived in New York." According to Smith, Belitskiy knew and trust no citizens in Moscow other than himself (Smith) and Aline Mosby, UPI correspondent in Moscow. Smith said Belitskiy met Aline Mosby at the Brussels World Fair in the summer of 1958, at the same time he met Smith. Smith said he subsequently contacted Belitskiy in Moscow in December 1958, through NBC Correspondent Irvine R. Levine...

Mosby went to the Brussells World's Fair as a stringer of the North American Newspaper Alliance. She was considered loyal by her associates during the above period; but was described as the co-existence type who associates with the Russians - plays footsie with the Russians. No informant questioned her loyalty...According to House Un-American Activities Committee records, Aline Mosby did a motion picture type article for the Daily Worker in 1947; wrote an article for the Daily Worker at Laguna Beach, California, in 1947; and contributed a column to the Daily Worker on November 23, 1956.

(3) According to information furnished to the FBI in 1948 by Mikhail Ivanovich Samarin (aka Mr. Gregory) AI 116, Lt. General Andrei Rodionovich Sharapov of the Soviet Military Staff Committee at the United Nations was involved in Soviet Espionage. According to Mikhail Ivanovich Samarin, General Andrei Rodionovich Sharapov took over the duties of General Vasiliev, Head of the First Department of Soviet Intelligence in the United States, when the latter departed - apparently shortly before June 1948.

Was OSWALD referring to the Mayor of Minsk or was he trying to hide his contact with a someone else named Sharapov? Was Lt. General Andrei Rodionovich Sharapov a high-level KGB contact of OSWALD'S? Peter Deryabin revealed that Lt. Col. Nikolai Georgeiyevich Sharapov was "Colonel Sharapov who used to work at one time in the Counter-Intelligence Directorate of the KGB as the chief (or deputy) of one of the CIA Sections." [CIA 1007-951; 469]. When the CIA first released this document it withheld the Attachment on Mosby then eight and one-half blank pages followed, although two of them contained the handwritten date, March 9, 1954. When the CIA declassified this document in 1993 it released the two pages of Attachment but withheld the other blank pages.[CIA 1296-469] Scott Malone: "Mosby was a commie-humper."

The CIA: "Page 45 of the address book lists "Dyadev, room 279, Kon. Narokhsov (?) Tele. 26311," and a paper found in OSWALD'S possession in 1963 by New Orleans Police contained a reference to "Comrade Dyadev 279 Kon. Na Rokhsov (?). Traces: None on Dyadev. Phone number 26311 is listed in the 1963 Minsk phone directory as that of A.A. Chubb, Leninskiy Prospect 16, apartment 67."The CIA: "Tel. number 26311, listed on page 45 of the address book, appears to be connected with DYADEV, (fnu) q.v. According to the 1963 Minsk telephone directory, this number is assigned to A..A. Chub of 16 Leninsky Prospect, apartment 67." Note: The KGB and MVD officers are at 15 and 17 Leninsky Prospect, Minsk. Traces: None."

Dyadev. Traces: As of 1954 a (fnu) Dyadev was reported to have been Deputy Minister of the Food Production Industry of the BSSR.

The CIA: "According to the diary, when OSWALD was met by "Mayor Shrapov" upon his arrival in Minsk, Roman Detkov "head of the For. Tech. Institi. Next door," acted as interpreter. This name, with number 20244 possibly as a business phone, appears in the address book. A later entry refers to "Comrade Roman" working at the "Tech. Library" apparently on Karl Marx Street, and a slip of paper found in OSWALD'S possession in 1963 by the New Orleans police contained the notation "20244217- Roman Detkov." The first five digits of the number probably represent Detkov's phone number; the significance of the last three digits is not known.

Roman Fedorovich Detkov translated OSWALD'S application for employment and autobiography into Russian. The phone number of the Institute of Technical Information and Propaganda was 20244. Roman Fedorovich Detkov also worked at Institute of Energetics in Minsk.

Roman Fedorovich Detkov's associate at the Institute of Energetics was Mikhail Smol'skiy who lived at Leninsky Prospekt 12, Apt. 1. A photograph of Marina Oswald and Mikhail Smol'skiy was found among OSWALD'S possessions after the assassination. Smol'skiy acted as the Soviet principal in an exchange of professors and students between the Institute of Energetics in Minsk and the University of Minnesota in the field of heat and mass transfer.

William Hood reported that CIA mole Oleg Penkovsky was assigned to "cover a position as Deputy Chief of the foreign section of the State Committee for Coordination of Scientific Research. The Committee was in fact a vehicle for the recruitment of foreign scientists and the procurement - openly or secretly - of scientific information from abroad."

Page 31 of OSWALD'S address book contained the name (FNU) Demushkina and the address "Dobromyslenskiy Pere [ulok](Lane) 5." The 1963 Minsk Telephone Directory listed the Adresnoye Byuro Upravleniya Militsii (the Militia Directorate) as located at Dobromyslenskiy Pereulock 5. Demushkina was probably an employee of this office. The Warren Commission's version of OSWALD'S address book translated this entry as, "Goman Demka (?)." OSWALD wrote, "Further stand the Ministry of Internal Affairs whose boss is tough military colonel Nickoiy Aksohof of the 'people militia' he hold the title minister the KGB Commie [Committee] for Internal Security."

OSWALD'S KGB File (No. 31451) contained no indication that he supplied information to the Soviets. "There is one more interesting detail in his records. KGB insists, that it is not mentioned in the papers even once of the Soviet intelligence officials ever interrogating OSWALD. It is very strange because the fact that OSWALD arrived in the Soviet Union, and his further behavior, must have (and it did) caused strong suspicions of the KGB: it was not everyday that American tourists in 1959 kept asking for political asylum so persistently...The KGB officials assure that he wasn't recruited by them. Though it is impossible to check this fact out, the thick file of records on OSWALD can be good proof that he had nothing to do with the KGB. Six volumes - this is too much for a file of a person who is working for the KGB. Usually they would keep a thin and absolutely secret folder."

OSWALD's KGB file indicated that OSWALD was never interviewed by the KGB. This in itself was strange. If a secret folder existed that linked OSWALD to the U-2 dump it would have been destroyed after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. As of 1995 there was no KGB record that indicated OSWALD had any connection with the KGB, however, the KGB was a covert action arm of a totalitarian power. It did not keep records on everyone it killed or everyone who contacted it. Perhaps there were no written records to be destroyed?

On August 6, 1959, The New York Times reported: "Officials said that while the [recent] talks between President Eisenhower and the Soviet leader could possibly improve the atmosphere for a summit meeting, they were not to be regarded as automatically preliminary to a conference of heads of government." On September 26, 1959, Nikita Khrushchev and Dwight Eisenhower met at Camp David, Maryland. "The Spirit of Camp David" signified a break in the Cold War. While the two heads of state were discussing Berlin, John McCone, chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, was meeting with his counterpart to discuss the peaceful uses of atomic energy. Vice President NIXON accompanied McCone to Camp David. On September 27, 1959 President Eisenhower took Premier Khrushchev to his Gettysburg farm for private talks. Khrushchev was given a 21 gun salute when he left, and French Prime Minister DeGaulle was hopeful that a summit conference was near. A U.S.-Soviet Atom pact was foreseen. Discussions over nuclear cooperation had been underway for several months. At Camp David, a summit conference was scheduled for May 16, 1960, in Paris. President Eisenhower would then visit the Soviet Union.

ANGLETON knew that there was going to be a summit conference as early as August 1959. OSWALD was dispatched to the Soviet Union in September 1959 to sabotage the summit conference and destroy the understanding between American and the Soviet Union that had come to be known as détente. ANGLETON believed: "Détente is a sham, a tactic." After he resigned from the CIA, ANGLETON told friends that he was done in by Henry Kissinger in retaliation for his outspoken doubts about the U.S. policy of détente with Russia and China. [Newsweek 1.6.75] Evidence suggested he was determined to prevent American/Soviet relations from warming up. In 1946 he wrote: "In practice a certain overlapping of Counter-Espionage and SI (positive intelligence) functions exists, particularly in this turbulent period before the peace conference when most secret political activities of foreign powers are conducted through intelligence service's contacts and networks." [The Secrets War NARA p237]

ANGLETON had OSWALD give the Soviets the information they needed to shoot down the U-2 spy plane just before the summit, so that the summit would be destroyed. The the national security of the United States would be undamaged by the sacrifice of the U-2.

By August 1960 the CIA had reconnaissance satellites in operation - such as the Discovery or Corona Spy satellites - which rendered the U-2 almost obsolete. These first spy satellites were launched after President Eisenhower approved the plan in February 1958. The Corona vehicle took photographs with a constant rotating stereo panoramic camera system and loaded the exposed photographic film on to recovery were de-orbited and recovered by Air Force C-119 aircraft while floating to earth on a parachute. The first attempt to launch a rocket designed to carry the Corona ended in failure on January 21, 1959. After numerous failure the first truly successful Corona mission to place on August 19, 1959. On August 31, 1959, President Eisenhower established the Office of Missile and Satellite Systems within the office of the Secretary of the Air Force. This became the cover for the National Reconnaissance Office. By December 10, 1959, the resolution of the Corona's camera was approaching that of the U-2. The Space Imaging Division of Lockheed, Martin-Marietta reported: "The first film capsule recovered from Corona yielded more data than all of the U-2 flights over the Soviet Union combined. And even from its earliest days, Corona was collecting imagery at a spacial resolution of roughly two meters." [Ambrose Eisenhower, Simon & Schuster p515; http://www.spaceimage.com/hom/corona.html] ANGLETON believed that President Eisenhower would enter into treaties and make concessions to the Soviets that would be far more dangerous than loosing a U-2. William K. Harvey wrote: "JIM A. - contradestruct from U-2." As the Summit approached, President Eisenhower considered grounding the U-2 spy plane.

The U-2 began flights over Russia in 1956. On July 10, 1956, the USSR sent a note to the Department of State of the United States protesting violations of Soviet airspace by a "twin engine medium bomber" on July 4, 1956, July 5, 1956, and July 9, 1956.The CIA reported:

Summary of initial missions

In the period from June 20, 1956, to July 10, 1956, (deleted). However, some tentative conclusions may be drawn from these initial flights as follows: (Deleted).

1. (Deleted)

2. By July 5, 1956, (deleted) reported the USSR was aware of the purpose of the missions and was taking counter-action.

3. The performance of the Soviet System (Deleted).

4. (Deleted) in addition to the evident recognition of the great height of the mission flights, tracking was better and in general the performance of the warning system was much improved.

5. The next day (deleted).

6. The first eight missions proved (deleted).

7. Confusion and track loss seemed to be related. (Deleted).

8. The question of radar for height finding." [CIA SC-02164-58]

On March 2, 1958, the Soviet detected a violation of their airspace by a "military jet aircraft." In March 1958 Model Airplane News published a story about the U-2, complete with drawings. The article observed: "An unconfirmed rumor says that U-2's are flying across the Iron Curtain taking aerial photographs." On April 21, 1958 the Soviets identified the aircraft as a Lockheed U-2 type. Soviet Aviation, the official newspaper of the Red Air Force, subsequently published articles about the U-2.

On April 21, 1958, the Soviets issued a press release accusing an "American military reconnaissance aircraft of the Lockheed U-2 type, having appeared from the direction of the Sea of Japan" of having violated Russian airspace. U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers reported that in the fall of 1958:

"There was no longer any doubt they knew about the overflights. Our evidence of this was of the most conclusive kind. Although none of the pilots had actually seen them, electronic equipment on returning U-2's indicated the Russian were now sending up rockets attempting to bring us down. At our altitude we weren't too worried about MIGs, but we were beginning to be concerned about SAMs, surface-to-air missiles. By this time a few of the unknowns were disappearing from the U-2 overflights. We now knew that the Russians were radar tracking at least some of our flights; it was possible that they had been doing so from the start. Equipment on board recorded their signals; from their strength it was possible to tell whether they were "painting," this is tracking the flight. However this could only be determined after returning to base and studying transcriptions. There was still no way, while in flight, to know for sure.

"We also knew that SAM's were being fired at us, that some were uncomfortably close to our altitude. But we knew too that the Russians had a control problem in their guidance system. Because of the speed of the missile, and extremely thin atmosphere, it was impossible to make a correction. This did not eliminate the possibility of a lucky hit. In our navigation we were careful to ensure our routes circumvented known SAM bring us down."

The press reported that a U-2 landed in a Japanese rice paddy in September 1959. Knowing the Soviets were aware of the U-2 and were intent on shooting one down, President Eisenhower considered suspending the flights. He told his intelligence advisors during a February 2, 1960, meeting, "If one of these aircraft is lost when we are engaged in apparently sincere deliberations, it would be put on display in Moscow and ruin my effectiveness." The CIA was insistent that the U-2 flights over the Soviet Union be continued, even expanded, because they brought back invaluable data. President Eisenhower agreed to additional flights, but only at the rate of one a month. Francis Gary Powers recalled: "After a long pause, two flights were scheduled for the same month, April 1960."

On April 9, 1960, the Russians tracked the U-2 by radar and made several attempts to down it with SAMs. They were getting closer. Why?

Had the Soviet made any technological advances in radar that allowed them to defeat the primitive electronic warfare devices that made the U-2 impossible to shoot down? Or had they made advances in rocketry? The Soviets already had rockets that could reach the cruising altitude of the U-2; 68,000 feet. Were the SAMs too inaccurate even with this new hypothetical factor? For whatever reason, the U-2 returned to its base intact.

President Eisenhower authorized Richard Bissell to fly any day before May 1, 1960. Every day for the next two weeks the USSR was under a cloud cover and the mission had to be postponed. The U-2 needed near-perfect weather to get its photographs. On May 1, 1960, the weather cleared. That morning, CIA Plans contract employee Francis Gary Powers took off from an airfield in Adana, Turkey and headed for Bodo, Norway, his flight route taking him directly over the Soviet Union.

While flying over Sverdlovsk, a Soviet SAM exploded several hundred feet away from the aircraft, knocking it out of the sky.

The U-2 aircraft was equipped with a self-destruction device. Francis Gary Powers bailed out without pressing the plane's destruct button and survived. "I reached for the destruct switches, opening the safety covers, had my hand over them, then changed my mind, deciding I had better see if I could get into position to use the ejection seat first. Under normal circumstances, there is only a small amount of clearance in ejecting. Thrown forward as I was, if I used the ejection seat the metal canopy overheard would cut off both my legs. I tried to pull my legs back, I couldn't...The ejection seat wasn't the only way to leave the plane. I could climb out. So intent I had been on one solution I had forgotten the other. Reaching up, not far, because I had been thrown upward as well as forward, with only the seat belt holding me down, I unlocked and released the canopy. It sailed into space. The plane was still spinning. I glanced at the altimeter. It had passed 34,000 feet and was unwinding very fast. Again I thought of the destruct switches but decided to release my seat belt first, before activating the unit. Seventy seconds is not a very long time. Immediately the centrifugal force threw me halfway out of the aircraft." An intact destructor unit was recovered from the aircraft. At the show trial of Francis Gary Powers, an aeronautics expert testified that "it was impossible to establish the lag of the explosion since no timing mechanism was found in the wreckage." The CIA reported:

1. Frank Powers aircraft was equipped with a destructor unit made by Beckman and Whitley, Inc. Model Number G-175-10. Procedure for activating the device was a two step function. The pilot had to activate the system by throwing one switch, then commence the timing sequence by throwing a second. A 2 ½ pound charge of cyclonite would be ignited 60 seconds after the second switch was thrown. (In a statement before Congress, Powers indicated that the timing mechanism was set for a 70 second delay.)

2. The purpose of the destruction unit was to destroy the camera in the equipment bay. Because of the equipment bay's location underneath the cockpit, potential serious injury could occur to the pilot should the device fire while he was in the aircraft; hence the two step activation procedure was established to minimize accidental ignition.

3. The Russians, in displaying the U-2 wreckage, showed the destructor unit made by Beckman. Their inference was that it was a remote control destructor unit, and this point was noted in the translation of the transcript of Power's trial published by Translation World Publishers of Chicago in October 1960.

Powers feared that the 70 seconds before the plane exploded was nonexistent and that he would be blown to bits along with it.

Francis Gary Powers was taken prisoner by the Russians who found a poison pin on his person that was to use to commit suicide.

Norman Mailer reported that the KGB watched OSWALD on May 1, 1960, and on May 2, 1960. The next reports cited by Norman Mailer were dated July 2, 1960, and July 3, 1960. Nothing even remotely suspicious was uncovered.

Premier Khrushchev made a speech to the Soviets on May 5, 1960, in which he reported his Air Force had downed an American spy plane, but made no mention that Francis Gary Powers had been captured and the wreckage of the plane found. The speech suggested an element in the American Government was at work without the President's knowledge: "Even KGB often carries on activities I do not know about." In a later statement the Soviet Government claimed the "flight had been sent to wreck the Summit talks...the CIA knew Powers would be shot down, thus setting the stage for the Summit's collapse."

At first, the State Department insisted the Russians had shot down one of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's U-2 meteorological research planes. On May 7, 1960, Premier Khrushchev reported to the Supreme Soviet that "we have plane parts and we also have the pilot." The Eisenhower Administration was caught red-handed in a lie. Khrushchev would announce he was about to attack the U-2's bases.

President Eisenhower canceled his trip to the USSR. On May 14, 1960, President Eisenhower flew to the Summit Conference in Paris. Premier Khrushchev demanded an apology for the overflights, and President Eisenhower promised him that no further flights would be sent over Russia. The Summit meeting collapsed, over before it had even started, and détente with it.

The Soviets had previously failed to shoot down the U-2 for two reasons: It carried a granger and flew at an altitude of over 60,000 feet.

Powers: "As a defense against air-to-air missiles, those fired from another aircraft, a new piece of equipment called a 'granger' was installed in the tail. As explained to us, should an aircraft lock onto a U-2 with his radar and launch a missile, the granger would send out a faulty signal to break the radar lock. Whether it actually did this our not we had no was of knowing, since we had never been threatened by aircraft."

The Soviets reported: "Expert findings on the tape recorder and its tape have shown that the signals recorded by Powers came from surface radar systems insuring the anti-aircraft defense of the Soviet Union. Special equipment had been installed in Power's aircraft to counteract and interfere with interception radar stations and fighter plane direction." The Soviets also stated: "Experts have established that the U-2 aircraft was equipped with a special radar scrambler to create interference for radar stations intercepting and directing fighter aircraft."

Francis Gary Powers believed the granger protected the U-2 only from air-to-air missiles and not surface-to-air (SAM) missiles: "Francis Gary Powers said that a special device to jam radar and signals given by fighter planes and rockets was activated on the plane before his May 1, 1960 take-off, and throughout his flight over the Soviet Union. In reply to a question by a people's assessor, Powers explained that he meant air-to-air rockets." When Francis Gary Powers was captured by the Soviets, "there followed an attempt to make me verify that the granger was supposed to deflect SAM missiles as well as air-to-air missiles."

Francis Gary Powers told his KGB interrogators his flight was terminated "at maximum altitude for the plane, 68,000 feet." In his book OPERATION OVERFLIGHT, Francis Gary Powers claimed 68,000 feet was a figure invented to protect his fellow pilots in the event the flights resumed. According to Francis Gary Powers, "I was stuck with the 68,000 foot figure. However, maybe I could use that advantageously. If given the chance, I decided to stress that I had been hit at "maximum altitude, 68,000 feet, hoping the CIA would realize by "maximum altitude" I meant I was flying exactly where I was supposed to when the explosion occurred. For me to say I was flying at my "assigned altitude" would imply the plane could fly higher, which was true. If I could get that message across, the trial, for all it's propaganda value, would have served one positive purpose. It could be the means for saving lives of other pilots. I knew by May 7, 1960, the day on which Khrushchev announced my capture and details of my flight, my interrogators had bought my story, believed I was telling the truth, even to altitude, Khrushchev use of 20,000 meters (65,600 feet) being the closest approximation to the 68,000 feet figure I had used. It was a dangerous gamble. It was possible their intelligence had already ferreted out the exact altitude. I was inclined to doubt this: this was one of the most closely guarded secrets of the U-2. Even more dangerous were their radar plots. Everything depended on their accuracy, or rather, lack of it. Previously we had felt their height finding was inaccurate at the altitudes at which we were flying. If we were wrong, they would quickly pinpoint the lie...I withheld the most important information in my possession." Francis Gary Powers stated that when the KGB had scientists extrapolate his altitude from various radar readings, they happened to verify his arbitrary figure: "As they read the figures, I began to disbelieve them. Surely this was some cruel hoax, designed to throw me off guard. No one could be so lucky. Not only was their height-finding radar off...some were actually at 68,000!"

During the show trial of Francis Gary Powers in Moscow in August 1960, the Soviets insisted they shot down the U-2 at its cruising altitude of 68,000 feet. Francis Gary Powers was asked repeatedly, "At what altitude was your aircraft struck?" and he answered, "It was the maximum altitude, 68,000 feet." Major Voronov, whose rocket unit shot down the U-2, testified: "As the plane entered the firing range at an altitude of 68,000 feet one rocket was fired and its explosion destroyed the target." In 1978 the CIA stated: "The Soviets knew perhaps even more accurately than even the U-2 altimeters showed, what the height was." [CIA OLC #78-2469 - SD Breckinridge]

The key to shooting down the U-2 was not so much in defeating its granger as it was having accurate information as to its cruising altitude. Francis Gary Powers tried to cover up the fact that he gave the Soviets accurate information about the altitude of the U-2. Francis Gary Powers had been instructed that "if captured be cooperative and try to answer questions to which the Soviets appeared already to have knowledge."

Powers did not know it, but the Soviets already had knowledge of the altitude of the U-2 from OSWALD. OSWALD had learned it at Atsugi or from ANGLETON. (The Soviets thought he had learned it while stationed at Atsugi). ANGLETON had sabotaged the Summit and changed history.

OSWALD'S friend, Michael Paine, commented: "I could well believe that he would give some information. That he'd like to be valuable to the Russians. He didn't feel a loyalty to the United States. He wanted to change the system here. If he had some information he thought he could sell, he might have done it. That's enough explanation. If he gave the Russians the information to sabotage the summit, it would have had to happen at the right instance. OSWALD wasn't what you called a 'world class' person. If I were recruiting somebody to do that, I would like someone with a little more mental acumen. He wasn't stupid, but neither was he smart. If I were trying to find someone for a role like that, I wouldn't have picked LEE." This researcher told Michael Paine that the most unrecognizable spy is the most dangerous. Michael Paine agreed, "Yeah, I'll go along with that. But OSWALD was pipsqueak."

HEMMING told this researcher: "He wasn't a world class operator. He was just involved in world class deals. What are you going to do? Put a Rudolph Abel in on the U-2 dump? OSWALD'S in there because he was a turkey fucking patsy. Most of us are in there because we were on the turkey fucking way. When it's all over, it really don't make a difference, does it?"

Marina Oswald told this researcher in 1994: "Maybe he supplied them with false information, and somebody else give the real information. Maybe they want to make a patsy out of him? I think somebody else sabotage U-2 plane, not LEE HARVEY OSWALD."

The U-2 was downed. Had the CIA been penetrated or had a leak emanated from elsewhere? Logic dictated that CI/SIG and the Office of Security would lead the investigation into the U-2 flap, and that any honest CIA investigation would have had OSWALD as a suspect.

The FBI reported: "No one knows what he told the Soviets about American radar. We know that when he tried to renounce his American citizenship in Moscow he stated he had volunteered to give the Soviets any information he had concerning the Marine Corps, intimating he might know something special. Later when he was applying in Moscow to reenter the United States, he said he had not given the Soviets any information about the Marines, but this was self-serving. He indicated to our Agents in an interview in 1962 that he never gave the Soviets information concerning his Marine Corps specialty in radar." [FBI 105082555-5640] OSWALD informed Richard E. Snyder that he had offered the Soviets radar information "including the specialty that he possessed." Edward Freers included this in his report on OSWALD that he cabled to Washington. As a result, State Department Headquarters sent the FBI a report on OSWALD, and the Bureau opened an inactive file on him. As stated, the same report was sent to the Office of Security of the CIA.

In May 1960 the questions that ANGLETON and CI Staff should have asked were: "Has there been a report of anyone with access to the U-2's altitude offering this information to the Soviets?" ANGLETON could access his defector files in 1960; by that year all CIA files had been microfilmed and placed in an IBM computer specially-designed for CI. It was a machine records system. When a CIA agent wanted a particular item, he fed in 25 key words about the subject. The computer found the correct microfilmed document and photographed it with ultraviolet light. The tiny photograph was then projected on an Intellofax viewing machine; the whole thing took five seconds. The CIA microfilmed Richard E. Snyder's initial dispatch concerning OSWALD. Once it located OSWALD'S threat about radar, the next question to ask would have been, "Did he have access to the altitude of the U-2 ?" A simple check with the Navy would have indicated that, as a radar operator at Atsugi, he very well might have. Edward Petty reported that there was no CI/SIG file about the U-2 incident, yet after Francis Gary Powers returned to the U.S. a CIA Counter-Intelligence Officer was a witness at a Board of Inquiry hearing into the U-2 Affair. Why was there was no investigation by CI/SIG and ANGLETON? After the Kennedy assassination CI/SIG commented: "CIA does not investigate U.S. citizens abroad unless we are specifically requested to do so by some other government security agency. No such request was made in this case." [First Draft of Initial Report on OSWALD case Attachment to TX-1889]

According to the 1970 Yale University Yearbook Richard E. Snyder was the Embassy official in charge of U-2 trial matters. Richard E. Snyder: "I wasn't in charge of U-2 matters (laughs). There wasn't anyone in charge of U-2 matters in the Moscow Embassy. As the senior Consulate Officer in Moscow I attended the trial. I was the Embassy Officer in charge of the trial." OSWALD had told him he was going to give the Soviet Union information on radar. Why didn't Richard E. Snyder put two and two together? Richard E. Sndyer explained, "I never heard of the U-2 when OSWALD came to the Embassy. I never heard about it until after Francis Gary Powers was shot-down. Where would the suspicion arise? How do you attach the U-2 to OSWALD? I had no knowledge OSWALD was a radar operator in Japan, at the time. I had no knowledge that they were running U-2 operations out of Japan over China until it came out in the press, long after the Francis Gary Powers trial. There was no link in my mind - OSWALD being a radar operator - which is not a very lofty position. Remember, it is very clear now, which wasn't so at the time, that OSWALD thought - and he was probably right - that he was speaking for Russian ears when he was talking to me. The Embassy had been penetrated - we all knew it at the Embassy. There was only one safe room and that was upstairs. It had been specially built. OSWALD was trying to impress the Soviets of his sincerity. He may declare this in his diary also. This was kind of a last chance, last ditch effort on his part, to get the Soviets to accept him. They had rejected him and said, 'We're not going to give you residence.' I didn't dwell on that point. It became clear later on, in reading his diary...I reported it back to Washington. I was in no position to evaluate whether the guy really knew anything or was bluffing. I had no way of evaluating if he knew anything about radar."

Richard E. Snyder was asked if OSWALD could have been a Soviet Agent: "I can't imagine any possible scenario in which the Soviets would go through this kind of charade to make and agent out of OSWALD. The complexity of the charade. Any serious intelligence organization would be out of their minds to trust OSWALD. He was a real flake. That's my own feeling about him. Certainly his attempted suicide marked him as emotionally unstable. The KGB had a considerable time to look at him in the hotel. They had his interviews with Priscilla Johnson. They must have had a pretty good line on the guy. [After he defected] his use as an agent would have been damaged because he was listed by every American intelligence agency. To use a guy like that to assassinate the President would make no sense. This rules out any Soviet involvement." The possibility that OSWALD was dispatched then activated to sabotage the summit was suggested to Richard E. Snyder. He commented, "This is really farfetched stuff, this is stoned stuff. It fits in with the whole conspiracy industry. There is no evidence. Imagination will do if you're writing stuff like this and making money."

HEMMING asked this researcher: "Where was damage control? The Soviets couldn't obtain this intelligence information, this means someone handed it to them. OS, and one other element, had across the board need-to-know about everything. Who's the top guy who can go anywhere and stick his nose into anything he wants to? ANGLETON. He would have insisted, 'We just got our damage control estimate. We just got our assessment. I don't think it's complete. I want to know about anyone on the periphery, mechanic, guard. I want everybody's name who saw the U-2, heard its sounds.' An enormous undertaking. Under that process people would have been on the lists who worked the radar sites. The trail leads right back to somebody who intentionally dumped the U-2, tried to cover it up."

FROM: S/A Berlin March 10, 1964

TO: OSI

SUBJECT: Eugene J. Hobbs, HMC, USN, Incident Report of

At 12:40 p.m. this date Hobbs who serves as hospital corpsman in the USS Stone County (LST-1141) (San Diego based) visited the Pearl Harbor Branch Office to report information which he thought might be of interest to us, as follows.

Hobbs was stationed at the dispensary at Atsugi, Japan, NAS from 1956 to December 1957 or January 1956. According to a Life Magazine story recently printed, LEE HARVEY OSWALD, alleged assassin of our late President, was also stationed there at the same time. The magazine continued that OSWALD visited Russia in 1959. Atsugi is a closed base and at the time, was the base for the Joint Technical Advisory Group, which maintained and flew recon U-2 flights. Hobbs noted that one year after OSWALD visited Russia, Powers was captured. Hobbs stated it was gossip around the base that the U-2's were making reconnaissance flights over Russia. Sometime during 1957, a Naval Commander came into the dispensary and talked to some of the HMC's at the Master of Arms shack. The Commander stated he wanted an HMC to volunteer to join a group he was commanding which will be stationed in Bangkok and will make reconnaissance flights over China. One of the HMC's, name unknown, a short blonde headed Chief, eventually went with the unit to Bangkok and was there three months. The Commander stated that the flights would be the same as the ones the U-2's are making over Russia.

Since it was common knowledge around the base that the U-2's were being utilized for recon flights, Hobbs now believes that OSWALD could have given that information to Russia. Stone County will be in this area for approximately two more months. [FBI 105-82555-3262]

The Navy sent Hobb's report to the FBI:

"A review of OSWALD'S Marine Corps files discloses that in 1957 and 1958 he was stationed in Japan and had the address of Marine Air Control Squadron 1, Marine Air Group 11, First Marine Air Wing, FMF c/o FPO San Francisco, California. His weapons firing record discloses that in May 1958 he fired two courses on two different days at NAS, Atsugi, Japan."

"One of OSWALD'S Marine Corps associates has advised that in August 1957 he and OSWALD were part of a 120 man overseas draft and OSWALD went to a Marine Corps base at Atsugi, Japan. Another of his former Marine Corps associates has stated that OSWALD was stationed at Atsugi, Japan, sometime in 1957 and 1958. Still another of OSWALD'S Marine Corps associates recalled that they left the United States on August 15, 1957, for Japan and OSWALD was assigned to Marine Air Control Squadron 1, Atsugi, Japan. In January 1958 this Squadron was at Cubi Point, Philippine Islands. This individual remembered that the gear of the Squadron was housed there in an airplane hanger which he says he now knows was the hanger for the U-2 airplane. A former Marine Corp Officer [also confirmed OSWALD'S presence at Atsugi].

"As you know, OSWALD was discharged from the Marine Corps in September 1959, and shortly thereafter went to Russia, arriving there in October 1959.

"You may well wish to analyze Hobbs' information in the enclosure as well as that set forth above and conduct such further inquiry as you deem appropriate to determine what data about the U-2 program may have been available to OSWALD was a result of his Marine Corps assignments abroad. This Bureau would appreciate being advised of the results of your analysis and inquiry.

NOTE FOR SAC, DALLAS:

"There is enclosed one copy of referenced ONI memo. This is being furnished for your information.

NOTE:

"Letter is classified Confidential because it contains information about the U-2 program, including some from the enclosure which was so classified. Former Marines furnishing information about OSWALD'S assignments abroad were Owen Delanovich, Donald Peter Camarata, Donald Patrick Powers and William K. Trail. Since the U-2 program was primarily managed by the CIA, it is the proper Agency to handle this. Of course, even if it turns out OSWALD was assigned to a base from which U-2 airplanes were flying reconnaissance missions in 1957 and 1958 and could have had knowledge of this, which he may have given the Soviets when he went to Russia in October 1959, it is believed the Russians were aware of the U-2 flights several years before. Nevertheless, it should be run out. It is not felt it would be worthwhile to re-interview Hobbs since he possessed no direct information about OSWALD and since the information he furnished regarding the base at Atsugi was from 'gossip' he heard while stationed there." [FBI 105-82555-3262]

Owen Dejanovich, who became a professional football player, was contacted in 1993. He said he was with OSWALD at El Toro, Jacksonville and Biloxi, Mississippi, but not at Atsugi. The only other thing he would say was "I gave the FBI no information about the U-2." Owen Dejanovich told Frontline a different story: "There was a small business section across one bridge. We were allowed, as Americans, to go into that sector of the residential portion of Iwakuni. The other sector was considered to be communist, Japanese communists and it was an off-limits area." Owen Dejanovich claimed OSWALD made pro-Communist remarks and was seen with a beautiful White Russian. Why didn't he report the presence of a subversive in the ranks of the Marine Corps to his commanding officer?

By erroneously putting himself in Japan and the Philippines with OSWALD, John E. Donovan falsely linked OSWALD with the U-2: "LEE was a radar man and he surveilled for aircraft both known and unknown. He plotted the position of the aircraft. He saw, or one of his counterparts saw...we did up [the U-2]...you could see it on our altimeter." Gerald Posner wrote that of "the more than 200 Marines spoken to by researchers, only one claimed OSWALD ever mentioned the plane." This was Charles Donovan. (Posner meant John E. Donovan).

ANGLETON or members of his Staff drafted a reply to the FBI inquiry regarding OSWALD'S access to information regarding the U-2 and had Richard Helms sign it. [CSCI - 3/781,351] It assured the FBI OSWALD had no access to information on the U-2:

2. The Atsugi Naval Air Station is located approximately 35 miles south and west of Tokyo, Japan. At the time in question, Atsugi was a closed base in the sense that American and indigenous personnel entering the Station were required to possess official identification cards. Within the Station the flight line areas were restricted, as is the case of all such Stations, and certain hanger areas were further restricted for the performance of classified functions.

3. The Joint Technical Advisory Group occupied an area within the Station, consisting of 20 to 25 individual residences, two dormitories, an office area, a power plant, several Butler-type warehouses, and a club building used for recreation and a bachelor officer's mess. The Joint Technical Advisory Group area was not closed, but it was located about 400 yards from the main Station area and there was no occasion for the regularly assigned Station personnel to visit the Joint Technical Advisory Group area. The club was open only to Joint Technical Advisory Group personnel and their guests. Two of the living quarters were occupied by the Navy Commanding officer and his deputy because the quarters of Joint Technical Advisory Group were of better quality than the housing accommodations provided at the Station.

4. Joint Technical Advisory Group air activities were conducted from a classified hanger area at one end of the flight line. OSWALD did not have access to this area. Prior to the time in question, the Joint Technical Advisory Group had been publicized by Radio Peking as being a headquarters for American intelligence activity. For this reason, and because the Joint Technical Advisory Group was obviously not part of the Naval Station complement, there were rumors and gossip regarding the unit and its activities regarding the unit and its activities. This condition was regarded as normal under such circumstances. Being there at that time, OSWALD could have heard such gossip; however, there is no information to indicate, nor is there reason to believe, that he obtained factual knowledge regarding the Joint Technical Advisory Group and its mission. (For your information, an incident involving the landing of a U-2 in a rice paddy in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, was reported in the press and aroused some public interest. That incident, however, occurred in December 1959, which was some time after OSWALD left Japan).

5. There were no Navy personnel assigned to the Joint Technical Advisory Group. Moreover, the Joint Technical Advisory Group did not participate in, or transfer any of its activities to a Station in Bangkok. Regarding the statement by Hobbs that a Navy Commander was recruiting Navy Personnel for an assignment in Bangkok, it is noted that the Navy at that time was conducting certain air reconnaissance activity from Atsugi using other types of aircraft.

6. The following should be considered with respect to your source's assertions that OSWALD'S squadron was in Cubi Point, Philippines Islands, in January 1958 where it kept its gear in what the source now knows to have been a hanger for a U-2 airplane; and that the squadron was back in Atsugi, Japan in May 1958. The term "U-2" was not known publicly and did not gain world wide notoriety until the ill-fated Powers mission some two years later. Therefore it is highly unlikely that the term "U-2" would have meant anything to OSWALD, even if he had heard it and had been able to identify the term with any aircraft at Cubi Point, at Atsugi or anywhere else.

7. To summarize: There is no evidence or indication that OSWALD had any association with or access to, the Joint Technical Advisory Group operation or its program in Japan. This applies also to information regarding the U-2 or its mission. Even if OSWALD has seen a U-2 aircraft at Atsugi or elsewhere, this fact would not have been considered unusual nor have constituted a breach of security. Limited public exposure of the craft itself -- but not of its nomenclature or mission -- was accepted as a necessary risk. It is most unlikely that OSWALD had the necessary prerequisites to differentiate between the U-2 and other aircraft engaged in classified missions which were similarly visible at Atsugi at the same time. [FBI 105-82555-3831]

The CIA assumed that OSWALD had some sort of physical contact with the U-2. The CIA admitted he was within close proximity of the Joint Technical Advisory Group at Atsugi. The CIA, however, did not address itself to the possibility that OSWALD became aware of the U-2 as a blip on a radar screen. Not only was there evidence that OSWALD was aware of the U-2 at Atsugi, there was evidence that OSWALD observed Powers at Vladimis Prison.

OSWALD'S Historic Diary noted: "January 15, 1962 to February 15, 1962. Days of cold Russian winter. But we feel fine. Marina is supposed to have baby on March 1, 1962. Feb 15, 1962. Dawn. Marina wakes me up. Its her time. At 9:00 a.m. we arrive at the hospital. I leave her in care of nurses and leave to go to work. 10:00 a.m. Marina has a baby girl. When I vist hospital at 500 after work, I am given news. We both wanted a boy. Marina feels well, baby girl, O.K. February 23, 1962. Marina leaves hospital I see June for first time.

On February 15, 1962, OSWALD wrote this to Robert Edward Oswald: "I heard over the Voice of America that they released Francis Gary Powers the U-2 spy plane fellow. that's big news where you are, I suppose. He seemed to be a nice, bright, American-type fellow, when I saw him in Moscow."

The CIA commented: "The only period during which it would have been reasonably possible for OSWALD to have seen Francis Gary Powers in Moscow in person was between August 17, 1960 and August 19, 1960, when Francis Gary Powers was in Moscow, undergoing trial. There are no other indications that OSWALD was in Moscow after January 1960, so OSWALD'S statements remain unclarified."

If OSWALD did, in fact, see Francis Gary Powers during the trial, why had he waited almost 18 months before writing to his brother about it? Why hadn't OSWALD mentioned attending the Francis Gary Powers trial in his Historic Diary? [CIA 285] OSWALD'S remarked "he seemed to be a nice bright American-type fellow." This indicated OSWALD had met Powers personally.

Another CIA document revealed: "Francis Gary Powers was in Moscow from May 1, 1960, to September 9, 1960, and again for less than a day on February 8, 1962, and February 9, 1962, just before his release. [OSWALD'S letter was postmarked February 15, 1962.] The most likely time for OSWALD to have seen Powers in person would have been during the period August 17, 1960 to August 19, 1960 when Powers was on public view during his trial and in the course of being transported to and from trial sessions. On February 8, 1962, Francis Gary Powers was brought into Moscow without publicity, and departed early the next morning. Since OSWALD is not known to have been in Moscow in August 1960, or February 1962, his statement that he saw Powers may have referred to a television or newsreel appearance." [CIA 285 2.15.62]

A third CIA document noted: "Francis Gary Powers was in Moscow...for less than a day on February 8, 1962 to February 9, 1962, just before his release. If OSWALD did see him and is not making up this story, or referring to a television appearance, he must have made another trip to Moscow which is completely unknown to us. The period from May 2 to May 19 the more likely, since Powers was not on public view (illegible) to and from trial sessions, whereas in February 1962 he [Powers] entered the city without fanfare and departed very early that next morning."

In another CIA document it was detailed: "February 8, 1962: At about 1:00 p.m., Powers arrived in Moscow from Vladimis Prison by train en route to his release. He was taken for the night to the prison in which he had been held in 1960. February 9, 1962: Powers left the prison in the early morning for an airfield (apparently a military field) whence he departed Moscow for Berlin and the U.S."

When Powers was first arrested he "noticed a cover over the outside of the peephole to my cell. The guards could look in whenever they chose; I couldn't look out." [Overflight pg. 107]

How did OSWALD know that Francis Gary Powers stopped in Moscow before he left the Soviet Union in February 1962? Marina Oswald told this researcher: "Number one, he would hear it on the Voice of America. LEE did not make secret journey if I was married to him. Only time, was I married to him then? February 1962. He did not make any secret journeys then. He was home everyday. Cause our daughter was born on February 15, 1962. So we stayed close everyday. He did not make secret journey to Moscow. I was in the hospital for a week until the 23rd. So I do not know, I cannot guess, if I wasn't home I cannot verify that. LEE was restricted to travel."

Had KGB agents arranged for OSWALD to make a secret trip to Moscow to see the pilot he almost killed because he had supplied the information needed to shot down a U-2? Did OSWALD observe Powers through one-way glass in Vladimis Prison? The KGB knew OSWALD was going to re-defect, and wanted OSWALD to observe that Francis Gary Powers had been well-treated. They did not want OSWALD to denounce the Soviet Union after he left. Other re-defectors were forced to sign statements that they would not engage in anti-Soviet propaganda. [HSCA V12 p441; CIA 285, 300; Powers, B. Spy Wife Pyramid Books; Sanche de Gramont The Secret War Since WWII Putnam 1962 Ch. 9] Richard E. Snyder commented on this letter: "I can't imagine how he possibly could have...The only thing that comes to mind is that it this was a lot of hot air. No one from the Embassy ever saw Francis Gary Powers. They never let us have any contact with him. The only people who saw him at the time were his mother, father and wife. I don't think the lawyer got to see him."

In February 1961 OSWALD wrote to the American Embassy, Moscow, about repatriation: "I desire to return to the United States, that is if we could come to some agreement concerning the dropping of any legal proceedings against me." With each subsequent letter to the Embassy, he reiterated this fear and demanded "full guarantees that I shall not, under any circumstances, be persecuted for any act pertaining to this case." He repeated the theme to his brother, and wrote that he would come home "if I can get the government to drop charges against me." In his next letter to Robert Edward Oswald, he supposed: "I assume the government must have a few charge's against me, since my coming here like that is illigle. But I really don't know exacly what charges." In yet another letter he wrote: "You once said that you asked around about weather or not the U.S. government had any charges against me, you said at that time 'no', maybe you should ask around again, its possible now that the government knows I'm coming and will have something waiting." [ltr. 1.30.62]

When OSWALD was interviewed at the American Embassy, Moscow, on July 11, 1961, Boris Klosson (born January 21, 1919; died 1990) questioned him about the statement "which he had made to the interviewing officer at the time of his first appearance at the Embassy on October 31, 1959, to the effect that he would willingly make available to the Soviet Union such information as he had acquired as a radar operator in the Marine Corps." OSWALD stated "he was never in fact subjected to any questioning or briefing by Soviet authorities concerning his life experiences prior to entering the Soviet Union and never provided such information to any Soviet organization. He stated he doubted in fact that he would have given such information if requested despite his statements made at the Embassy. OSWALD indicated some anxiety as to whether, should he return to the United States, he would face possible lengthy imprisonment for his act of remaining in the Soviet Union. OSWALD was told informally that the Embassy did not perceive, on the basis of the information in its possession, on what grounds he might be subject to conviction leading to punishment of such severity as he apparently had in mind. It was clearly stated to him, however, that the Embassy could give him no assurance as to whether upon his desire to return to the United States he might be liable to prosecution for offenses committed in violation of laws of the United States or any of its States. OSWALD said he understood this. He had simply felt that in his own interest he could not go back to the United States if it meant returning to a number of years in prison, and had delayed approaching Soviet authorities concerning departing from the Soviet Union until he "had this end of the thing straightened out." [WR p75; DOS 5.26.61 Ex. 19 294j; ltr. Lee to Robert 5.31.61, 6.26.61; For. Service Dispatch 7.11.61 - Klosson]

In 1943 the name and address of Boris Hansen Klosson appeared in the address book of Louise Morley, a suspected Soviet intelligence agent. During this time, Boris Klosson was attending a Russian language course "at a school being handled by the Office of Naval Intelligence." Boris Klosson survived the McCarthy era and in 1954 was State Department, Deputy Chief, Division of Research for USSR and Eastern Europe. In 1956 Boris Klosson became a Political Officer at the American Embassy, Moscow. He was not listed in Who's Who in the CIA. On September 8, 1964, Yuri Nosenko reviewed the entire Moscow Diplomatic List for 1959: "Klosson, Boris H. Source has reported earlier concerning Klosson; that he was considered to have been the CIA resident. The case officer working against him was Valentin Mikraylov."

OSWALD was afraid he was going to be prosecuted for giving the Soviets the information they needed to shoot down the U-2. OSWALD had been given a little speech by ANGLETON that the CIA would not come to his aid if his deed were exposed. It would deny any connection with him. OSWALD thought Justice Department might go after OSWALD because it was unaware of his connection to ANGLETON and the Central Intelligence Agency.

"On July 10, 1961, while he was at the American Embassy, Moscow, OSWALD signed an Application for Renewal of Passport which contained a printed statement whereby, by crossing out either the word 'have' or the words 'have not,' the applicant could indicate whether he had committed one or more or the disloyal or possibly expatriating acts listed. The printed statement also provided that if the applicant indicates that he committed one or more of these acts, a supplementary statement under oath explaining the circumstances is to be attached to the application. By crossing out the appropriate words, LEE HARVEY OSWALD stated under oath that he had committed one or more of the disloyal or possibly expatriating acts listed on the application."

The Warren Commission questioned Richard E. Snyder about this:

Coleman: This is the application for the passport renewal which OSWALD signed -

Dulles: For the American passport to return to the United States?

Snyder: It says, "I have - have not - been naturalized as a citizen of a foreign state; taken an oath or made an affirmation or other declaration of allegiance to a foreign state; entered or served in the armed forces of a foreign state; accepted, served in or performed the duties of, any office, post or employment under the government of foreign state or political subdivision thereof; voted in a political election in a foreign state or participated in an election or plebiscite to determine the sovereignty over foreign territory; made a formal renunciation of nationality, either in the United States or before or before a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States in a foreign state; been convicted by court martial of deserting the military, air or navel service of the United States in time of war or of committing any act of treason against, or of attempting by force to overthrow, or of bearing arms against the United States; or departed or remained outside the jurisdiction of the United States for the purpose of evading or avoiding training and service in the military, air or naval forces of the United States. If any of the above acts are or conditions are applicable to the applicant's case, or to the case of any person included in this application, a supplementary statement under oath should be attached and made a part hereof."

Coleman: Mr. Snyder, as I read the application, what you did was to cross out the "have not" which means that OSWALD was stating that he had done one of those acts which you have read, is that correct?

Snyder: This is what it would mean.

Coleman: Which one of the various acts that you have read was it your impression that OSWALD was admitting that he had done?

Snyder: Well, there are two possibilities here. One possibility is that the crossing out of "have not" is a clerical error, and that he did not intend to do this.

Coleman: How could that be a possibility? Don't you pretty much negate that possibility by the fact that you did require him to fill out the questionnaire which only has to be filled out if he admits he has done one of the various acts?

Snyder: No; the questionnaire is filled out routinely in Moscow in any kind of problem case.

Coleman: Even though the citizen has done none of the acts which are set forth in the passport renewal application?

Snyder: Yes; well I say in a problem case. I don't mean an American citizen coming in to get his passport renewed, on whom there is no presumption of any problem at all. But a person who has resided in the Soviet Union -

Coleman: Is it your testimony this is only a typographical error?

Snyder: This is one possibility. The other possibility is that he may have said, "I have taken an oath or made an affirmation or formal declaration of allegiance to a foreign state." He had, on several occasions, you know, stated that his allegiance was to the Soviet Union. He may have put this down - that is he may have said "have," having that act in mind, knowing that I knew it, and that there was no need to attempt to hide the fact. This is possible.

Coleman: Do you now recall what reaction you had in mind when you received the application that had been crossed out in such a way that indicated that he was admitting that he had done one of the various acts which are set forth on the form?

Snyder: No, I don't. Of course what I would have been concerned with at the time in more detail really is the questionnaire, which is an expansion of this paragraph and is much more meaningful. So I would have been concerned both with what he said on the questionnaire and with the facts of his case whether he thought he committed one of these acts is not material to the fact of whether he had committed it or whether he lost his citizenship thereby. At any rate, my attention would have been directed to the expanded questionnaire in which he had to fill out individual paragraphs concerning each one of these things, and to a determination of the facts in the case.

Dulles: Do recall whether or not that striking out was noted at the time the passport application or extension was considered?

Snyder: I do not Mr. Dulles, no.

"The renewal application contained a printed statement which set forth, in the disjunctive, a series of acts, which, if committed by the applicant, would either automatically disqualify him from receiving a passport on the ground that he had lost his American citizenship, or would raise a question whether he might be so disqualified. The printed statement was preceded by two phrases, 'have' and 'have not,' the first phrase being printed directly above the second. One carbon copy of the application indicates OSWALD signed the document after the second phrase, 'have not' had been typed over, thereby apparently admitting that he had committed one of more of the acts which would a least raise a question as to whether he had expatriated himself. Snyder was not able to remember with certainty to which of the acts listed on the statement OSWALD'S mark was intended to refer, but believed it may have been 'swearing allegiance to a foreign state.' He points out the strike out of 'have not' may also have been a clerical error. On the actual signed copy of the application kept in the files of the Moscow Embassy, which is not a carbon copy of the copy sent to the State Department, the strike out is slightly above the 'have;' therefore, since the 'have' is itself printed above the 'have not,' the strikeout may have been intended to obliterate the 'have.' In any event, OSWALD filled out the supplementary questionnaire which was required to be completed if the applicant admitted he had performed one or more of the expatriating acts. He signed the questionnaire under oath."

"Some question why Snyder approved OSWALD based upon his answers on the carbon copy of the questionnaire. At the bottom of the form, four acts were listed that would indicate a person had forfeited his American citizenship. All were prohibitions related to actions in a foreign state, including swearing allegiance, serving in the armed forces or government, or voting in an election. Next to these prohibitions were the words have or have not. On OSWALD's form, have not was apparently stricken, indicating he had committed one or more of the prescribed (sic) acts. In approving OSWALD, therefore, it appeared that Snyder had bent the rules. The real explanation is more mundane - a typing error. On the original, the strikeout is between the have and have not, and only on the carbon is it directly over the have not (WC Vol. V, pp. 359 -360). But in any case, Snyder had OSWALD fill out a supplementary questionnaire and his more detailed answers showed that he had not violated any of the disqualifications."

The Warren Report: "On the actual signed copy of the application kept in the files of the Moscow Embassy, which is not a carbon copy of the copy sent to the State Department, the strike out is slightly above the 'have;' therefore, since the 'have' is itself printed above the 'have not,' the strikeout may have been intended to obliterate the 'have.'"

Posner: "On the original, the strikeout is between the have and have not, and only on the carbon is it directly over the have not."

This is Warren Commission Exhibit CE 947.

OSWALD believed he went to Russia on a mission approved by the CIA and committed "treason" at the behest of that Agency. OSWALD believed he, in one sense, had committed treason, but in another sense he had performed a patriotic act on behalf of his country. OSWALD had expressed fear that he would be prosecuted in the United States for acts connected with his defection. The section that OSWALD had in mind dealt with treason, not his declaration of allegiance to the Soviet Union: OSWALD knew that he had never formally renounced his American citizenship in front of a State Department Consular official nor had he filled out the State Department's official form which was required in these cases, so that he could not be disqualified from renewing his passport because of having made "a formal renunciation of nationality, either in the United States or before or before a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States in a foreign state." Snyder thought OSWALD'S having told him he had committed an act which would disqualify him from renewing his passport had to do with OSWALD'S informal pledge of loyalty to the Soviet Union - a statement that clearly fell within the bounds of free speech. Snyder knew that OSWALD never returned to the Embassy to sign the formal renunciation papers. He knew that OSWALD knew this too. Then why didn't Snyder make it a point to ask OSWALD which act OSWALD believed he had committed so he could make a notation of it on the form?

By the time OSWALD filled out the questionnaire he realized if he wished to return to the United States he would have to explain to Snyder about his CIA connections or he would have to commit perjury. His response to this question changed. This should have further alerted Snyder.

As to where the XXX's were on the original form versus the carbon - this was irrelevant because Snyder was typing up the form as he was asking OSWALD the various questions. It was not OSWALD who typed the form. And Snyder heard OSWALD say "have" and Snyder typed it in and then Snyder asked OSWALD to fill out a supplementary questionnaire, because he heard the word "have" and remembered it no matter where the XXX's were on the application.

Richard E. Snyder commented, "Defection is really a loaded word. Any American citizen can leave his country for any other country. You do not need anyone's permission. There's no crime committed there. I presume he just didn't know. He may have had reason in his own mind to be worried about the statement that he would make available to the Soviets what he learned of radar. That I could imagine. It may have disturbed him that he didn't know what the law was and he might have imagined that he would be held for it." It was suggested to Richard E. Snyder that the only way he would be worried was if, in fact, he had given the Soviets secret information. He commented: "Yes, but I have no idea what the law is on that."

The Miami Herald reported: "The only possession of LEE HARVEY OSWALD not confiscated by government agents at the John F. Kennedy assassination was an English, Russian dictionary in which numerous words were marked or copied including a phrase meaning "to hit or kill at a distance." It hasn't been checked out for microdots, or anything," said former sheriff's chief Deputy John Cullins. He was given the book by OSWALD'S widow, Marina Porter. Marina confirmed the dictionary belonged to her late husband and that the handwriting and markings in the book were his. She said she could not understand why government agents did not notice it when they descended upon the couples residence after the assassination. She said she did not look in the book or notice the emphasized or hand-written practice words until Cullins asked her to translate them. Among the emphasized words were "radar" and "range" "eject" and "razor." "Radar locator" is written in OSWALD'S handwriting and a definition of "range" is underlined before being rewritten in Russian. The Russian phrase, Marina said, means: "To beat, hit kill at a definite distance." Another translation means to kill or slaughter, like an animal. Cullins said, "I think it was a resume or information on his part that he was preparing to give up to someone who spoke or read Russian. I see no other reason he would look things up in English and practice them in Russian." [Miami Herald 8.9.81] Marina Oswald told this researcher in 1994: "I gave the dictionary to John Cullins who tried to make money off the whole thing. This was the only time he was friend."

During OSWALD'S voyage to the United States in 1962, he made the following notation: "as for the fee of $_________I was supposed to recive for this________I refuse it. I made pretense to except it only because otherwise I would have been considered a crack pot and not allowed to appear to express my views. after all who would refuse money?!?"

OSWALD deliberately left the blank spaces, indicated by pen strokes. The first blank was difficult to fill in. How much money OSWALD received was a mystery; however, the dollar sign indicated the payment had not been made in rubles. Since OSWALD'S Red Cross subsidy was paid to him in rubles, this paragraph referred to another payment. OSWALD: "Whene I first went to Russia I the winter of 1959 my funds were very limited, so after a certain time, after the Russians had assured themselfs that I was really the naive american who beliyved in communism, they arranged for me to recive a certain amount of money every month. OK it came technically through the Red Cross as finical help to a Roos polical immigrate but it was arranged by the M.V.D.. I told myself it was simply because I was broke and everybody knew it. I accepted the money because I was hungry and there were several inches of snow on the ground in Moscow at the time but what it really was payment for my denuciation of the U.S. in Moscow in November 1956 and a clear promise that for as long as I lived in the USSR life would be very good I didn't relize all this, of course, for almost two years." [WCE 25]

The second blank made sense when the word "information" was placed in it. [WCE 25 p2B p122 of Vol.] Note that when Yuri Nosenko first approached the American Embassy, Geneva, he offered to sell information to the CIA for 900 Swiss francs. Later he admitted inventing this story; "He said he feared that an offer to give away information would be rejected as a provocation..." [Wise, Molehunt p68] Marina Oswald told this interviewer: "Maybe he make blank line because he forget amount."

Another financial link centered on the name Kozlova found in his address book:

Vneshtory Bank

Bank of Foreign Trade

Moscow

Neglinnaya Ul. 12

Kozlova (woman's surname)

K-03400 (telephone number)

(792) (possible telephone extension)

The CIA: "

TO: Files

FROM: M.D. Stevens

3. Security Indices contain information on a number of women with the name Kozlova, none of whom can be identified as being the individual in question; but any of whom might be.

(1) Olympiada Kozlova, #MS-16332, is the aunt of Nikolai Vasilievich Kozlov (deleted) CI/SIG has information on Kozlov which makes reference to various female relatives of his by the name of Kozlova. Olympiada Kozlova, a professor, is the Director of the Moscow Institute of Engineering and Economics. She is active politically, often travels abroad, and in November 1961, was scheduled to travel to Washington, D.C., with a scientific group. It should be possible to obtain this woman's telephone number for comparison with that listed in OSWALD'S address book under the name Kozlova.

(2) One 'Valentina Kozlova, NSC,' was observed to arrive at the Soviet Mission in Tokyo on June 11, 1956, at 10:45 a.m. and to depart at 12:07 p.m. She was not further identified in our information.

(3) One Lyubov Nikolaevna Kozlova, (deleted) [spacing for 201 number] was an interpreter in the USSR Embassy in London from 1950 to 1953, and in the U.N. in New York City in 1954." [CIA 487, 470, 1299-470].

The 1962 Moscow Telephone Directory lists the telephone number K-03400 for the Ministry of Finance of the USSR located at Neglinnaya Ul. 12. (The number next to it was an extension or room number at the Ministry). The same source also gives the address of the Vneshtorg Bank as Neglinnaya Ul. 12.

In 1970 Francis Gary Powers wrote in Overflight that he believed OSWALD'S defection was related to his being shot down: "OSWALD'S familiarity with MPS 16 height-finding radar gear and radio codes (the latter were changed following his defection) are mentioned in the testimony of John E. Donovan a former first lieutenant assigned to the same El Toro radar unit as OSWALD on page 298 of Volume 8 of the Warren Commission Hearings. According to Donovan: "OSWALD has access to the location of all bases in the west coast area, all radio frequencies for all squadrons, all tactical call signs, and the relative strength of all squadrons, number and type of aircraft in each squadron, who was the commanding officer, the authentification code of entering and exiting the ADIZ, which stands for Air Defense Identification Zone. He knew the range of our radar. He knew the range of our radio. And he knew the range of the surrounding unit's radio and radar. OSWALD'S conversation with Snyder is mentioned at least three times in the Warren Report: "OSWALD told [Snyder] that he had already offered a Soviet official what he had learned as a radar operator in the Marines." [Overflight pg. 358] The FBI reported: "News media report Powers has theorized LEE HARVEY OSWALD gave the Soviets radar secrets and information as to U-2's altitude capacity."

Vladimir Semichastny told Frontline: "There were conversations, but this was such outdated information, the kind we say the sparrows have already chirped to the entire world, and now OSWALD tells us about it. Not the kind of information that would interest such a high level organization such as ours." Scott Malone confirmed that this information dealt with the U-2, but that OSWALD supplied it after the U-2 had been shot down. Vladimir Semichastny: "We already had better sources of information. We had the plane and the pilot." [Interview with W.S. Malone]

Francis Gary Powers was given a ten-year prison sentence by the Soviets. The name of the prosecutor at Powers' trial was Roman Andreyevich Rudenko. The name Aleksandr Rudenchek was found in OSWALD'S address book with the notation, teacher, next to it. Francis Gary Powers could have received the death penalty. He was well treated in prison. Eventually, former OSS General Counsel James B. Donovan (died January 20, 1970) ,who had defended GRU Colonel Rudolph Abel, arranged for Francis Gary Powers to be exchanged for Rudolph Abel. Rudolf Abel had been an illegal agent stationed in the United States. ANGLETON had helped develop the trail that led to Rudolf Abel. This was a poor trade for America - a master spy exchanged for a mere CIA contractual employee.

United States Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy opposed the trade. He anticipated that when Francis Gary Powers returned to the United States he would be tried for treason. Francis Gary Powers' behavior in the Soviet Union became the focus of much criticism. The CIA set up a board of inquiry headed by retired Federal Appeals Court Judge E. Barrett Prettyman. In the Summer of 1962 James B. Donovan and E. Barrett Prettyman negotiated with the Castro Government for the release of the Bay of Pigs prisoners. Hearings were held in CIA Headquarters, and Francis Gary Powers was cleared of any wrongdoing. The only "evidence received by the Board which directly conflicted with Powers' account was part of a report based on (deleted). Some of these (deleted) indicated that the Soviets thought the flight of the U-2 had continued at the same altitude beyond the point where Francis Gary Powers claimed it fell, that it then descended to a lower altitude, and then it charged its course by turning in a broad circle back to the neighborhood of Sverdlovsk and disappeared from the observation of the trackers sine 35 minutes later. The activities which culminate in a (deleted). In the course of the presentation of the evidence to the Board the obvious possibility of confusion and error was pointed out; indeed at least one dramatic incident of error due to confusion was explained to the Board in detail. Of course this operation of the American intelligence system is invaluable. But the Board is of the opinion that it cannot make a flat assumption of accuracy in these (Deleted) so as to invalidate all other evidence concerning the occurrence of the incident. It is the conclusion of the Board that the evidence establishes overwhelmingly that Power's account was a truthful account." Former Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, Allen Dulles, personally congratulated Francis Gary Powers. Francis Gary Powers divorced his wife, who had once been the Subject of a complaint by Richard Bissell, and he married a CIA psychologist. He was hired as a test pilot for Lockheed Aviation, which produced the U-2. In June 1977 an attempt was made by this researcher to locate Francis Gary Powers.

On August 1, 1977, Francis Gary Powers was killed when the traffic helicopter he was flying for a Los Angeles radio station ran out of fuel. The New York Times reported: "The 47 year old aviator, who had survived the downing of his U-2 over the Soviet city of Sverdlovsk on May 1, 1960, died when he Bell Jet Ranger helicopter crashed near a Little League baseball field in the San Fernando Valley suburb of Encino. George Spears, a cameraman for the television station KNBC, also died. The initial indications were that the helicopter had run out of fuel. James Turner, an official of the Federal Aviation Administration control tower at Van Nuys had received a message from an unidentified helicopter pilot at 12:36. The pilot said he was low on fuel and was granted approval for an expedited, direct approach to the airport. Francis Gary Powers crashed at 12:38 p.m. An official of KNBC checked in by radio with his supervisors at the station at about 12:25 p.m. said he was returning to Van Nys for fuel and asked what his next assignment would be. He was told he would probably be assigned to cover another brush fire near Los Angeles this afternoon. Station officials said he mentioned nothing about being short of fuel. One witness told a fireman that the tail rotor of the helicopter fell off before the crash, but this was not immediately confirmed." Powers had worked for KNBC for nine months. The National Transportation Safety Board investigated the crash, and determined that it was a case of too long a flight with too little fuel, because it found the tank and fuel lines totally empty. The National Transportation Safety Board never examined the instruments (which were largely intact) to determine whether the readings they registered to Francis Gary Powers were accurate. [NTSB Powers Rep.; NYT 8.2.77; Ross & Wise Inv. Gov. p226]

There was something suspicious about the death of Francis Gary Powers. For someone who criss-crossed the Soviet Union numerous times to die in a helicopter crash of this nature strains my credulity.

In 1964 Yuri Nosenko was asked: "Wouldn't you have connected OSWALD'S coming from Finland with Anatoliy Golitsyn?"

A. No, no. It is not unusual.

Q. Why didn't the KGB fully debrief OSWALD on the U.S. Marine C