During World War II, RICHARD NIXON was on the Tire Price Control Board. NIXON associate, B. B. Rebozo, a Cuban-American, made huge profits in the tire-recapping business during the War. NIXON claimed to have met B.B. Rebozo around 1950. Rebozo also claimed he met NIXON around 1950, through ex-FBI S.A. Richard Danner (born November 1, 1910; died July 1987). Danner had managed Senator George Smathers' first Congressional Primary campaign in 1946. [Rebozo v. Wash. Post USDC SD FLORIDA 73-172-CIV-SMA] George Smathers (Rep.-FL) was a close associate of NIXON.

Evidence suggested that B.B. and NIXON were acquainted during the war. During the libel suit captioned B. B. Rebozo v. The Washington Post, B. B. Rebozo testified he knew NIXON associate Senator George Smathers since the fourth grade and assisted him when he ran for Senate in 1950. Rebozo was asked, "Did Mr. Smathers introduce you to RICHARD NIXON?" B.B. Rebozo said that he did not.

NIXON was first elected to Congress in 1947, the same year the CIA came into existence. The first piece of legislation that bore his name required members of the Communist Party to register with the Foreign Agents Registration Board.

In early 1952 NIXON visited Cuba, accompanied by Richard Danner. As the former City Manager of Miami, Richard Danner knew many gangsters operating in South Florida and Cuba, including Meyer Lansky. While he was in Havana, NIXON'S associate, Donald Smith, incurred a large gambling debt in the Sans Souci, a casino owned by national crime syndicate associate Norman Rothman; Donald Smith gave Norman Rothman a bad check. Norman Rothman was about to sue him in the United States, but before the case came to trial, Norman Rothman received word from the syndicate to leave the country. [FBI Document in poss. of Scott Malone]

In the early 1950's Nicolae Malaxa, a Nazi war criminal, was NIXON'S business partner. After he became a Congressman, NIXON introduced a bill to make Nicolae Malaxa a U.S. citizen. NIXON employed Lynn Nofziger, who funneled money to the California chapter of the American Nazi Party. G. Gordon Liddy, a member of the White House Special Operations Group, arranged for a Nazi propaganda film showing at the National Archives for members of the NIXON Administration. In his writing, G. Gordon Liddy professed admiration for the Nazis: "Compare if you will the mindset of the SS Leibstandarte with the often drugged dropouts that make up a significant portion of the nation's Armed Forces today." G. Gordon Liddy named White House/Special Operations Group operations after Nazi campaigns and organizations: the operation to kidnap left-wing radicals was called Nacht Und Nebel - Night And Fog. During his deposition in HUNT V. ajweberman Liddy was asked:

Q. How did you come upon that?

A. I lived during the time when nacht un nebel was practiced regularly; remembered it from the past, in other words.

MR. MILLER: Nacht un nebel was the name, is the translation, and it was named for an operation against demonstrators that occurred in which Mr. HUNT was partially involved and in which he was involved.

THE WITNESS: No, no. Let's not confuse what I was speaking about. When you asked me to identify nacht un nebel, it was a euphemism used in the time of the Third Reich in Germany by the geheimstatspolizei, the secret state police. When they would remove an individual without explanation, the person would be said to have disappeared in the night and the fog. So what I was using was a historical reference. And it was I who suggested it, not Mr. HUNT.

Another operation was named Odessa, which G. Gordon Liddy described as "the organization directed to the subversion of the Administration's secrets..." Odessa was originally an organization of former Nazi SS agents. NIXON aide H.R.

Haldeman admitted he had a Nazi image during this period, and that Alexander Haig had warned him: "The Jewish Community is out to get you...this ties back to your Nazi activities and all that stuff..."

NIXON appointed Laszlo Pasztor, a Nazi war criminal, as a member of the Republican Nationalities Council.

NIXON was heard to make anti-Semitic remarks during various conferences. The White House tapes contained numerous examples of NIXON'S detestation of Jews.

In January 1974 NIXON compared himself to Hitler when he cited the accomplishments of high ranking Nazi Albert Speer: "I want Bill Simon to be my Albert Speer." William Simon was Secretary of Energy Affairs at the time.

In 1954 Vice President NIXON was involved in PB SUCCESS and met CIA employees E. HOWARD HUNT and DAVID ATLEE PHILLIPS. On January 1, 1955, NIXON reportedly attended a meeting in Honduras, where plans for assassinating the President of Panama, Jose Antonio Remon, were discussed. Allegedly present were the team of hired assassins to do the killing, NIXON, and former CIA agent Marion Cooper, who related this story to Senator Frank Church. The following day, Jose Antonio Remon was machine-gunned to death. A "Report Concerning the Assassination of Jose Antonio Remon, President of Panama, dated February 1, 1955" [WCD 279] is in the National Archives as part of the Kennedy records group. A telegram dated August 2, 1967 to Marion Cooper was included in the 1990's JFK documents release. It regarded a proposed trip to Beirut.

In late 1955 NIXON met with Fulgencio Batista and pinned a Medal of Honor on him.

In 1960, Donald Kendall, chairman of Pepsico, offered NIXON employment after his defeat by Senator John F. Kennedy. Senator Joseph McCarthy (Dem.- WS) was called "The Pepsi-Cola Kid" after it was revealed that after he helped end sugar rationing, Pepsico paid off some of his loans. [Messick Hoover p210; also see McCoy, A. Heroin in Southeast Asia p186]

In January 1963 NIXON moved to New York City, where he took an apartment in a building owned by Nelson Rockefeller. NIXON became a partner in the law firm of Mudge, Rose, Guthrie and Alexander. NIXON'S main account at Mudge, Rose, Guthrie and Alexander was Pepsico. One of the clients of this law firm was Louis Rosenstiel, the President of the Schenley liquor company. The wife of Louis Rosenstiel linked him to Meyer Lansky in sworn testimony, during their divorce trial.

JAMES JESUS ANGLETON was born in Boise, Idaho, on December 9, 1917. His Illinois-born father, James Hugh Angleton, joined the National Guard in Idaho in 1916, and chased Pancho Villa south of the border under General Pershing. While there, Angleton married a Mexican girl of 17. On returning to Boise, JAMES JESUS ANGLETON was born. Mr. Angleton became a salesman for the National Cash Register Company, and by 1920, he owned the National Cash Register franchise for Italy. In 1933 the ANGLETONS moved to Milan, Italy. ANGLETON attended a British preparatory school, Malvern College in England and then entered Yale in 1941. At Yale he became interested in the poetry of Ezra Pound. Mrs. Angleton was asked if her husband was a poet: "I can save you a lot of effort. There wasn't any poetry. There is none to publish, not after the catastrophe of The Cold Warrior. But there wasn't any anyway. Since that book, I would never talk. I never saw any poetry, not since Yale. Poetry was his major, but he never wrote poetry. No pickings over here." During the war, ANGLETON'S father joined the OSS and moved to New York. Angleton Sr. took part in the planning of the Italian invasion, went ashore with the forces at Anzio, and rose to Colonel. ANGLETON Jr. entered Harvard Law School and married Cicely d'Autremont of Tucson, Arizona, a junior at Vassar. In 1943, while in the infantry, ANGLETON was recruited by the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and assigned to Italy.

The Office of Strategic Services was the creation of New York lawyer William J. Donovan, whose intelligence career began in 1916, as a representative of the John D. Rockefeller Foundation. [Hersh Old Boys p33] On July 11, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed William J. Donovan Coordinator of Information. In the Summer of 1943 the Office of the Coordinator of Information became the OSS. After the war, J. Edgar Hoover demanded that the OSS be prohibited from conducting domestic espionage investigations, and, with Nelson Rockefeller, the Coordinator of the Office of Inter-American Affairs, insisted on maintaining jurisdiction over Latin America. On October 1, 1945, President Truman ordered that the OSS be dissolved as an independent body.

In post-war Italy, ANGLETON'S unit uncovered secret correspondence between Mussolini and Hitler. By age 26, ANGLETON was in the OSS Station in Rome where he met Richard M. Helms and Allen W. Dulles. ANGLETON helped the provisional Italian Government defeat the Communists. In 1945 ANGLETON helped fascists escape from prison camps supplying them with new identities. [Martin Wilderness of Mirrors p19]

ANGLETON entered the CIA in 1948, at age 31. In 1954 the Doolittle Report advised the CIA that one urgent priority was "the intensification of the CIA's counter-intelligence efforts to prevent or detect and eliminate penetrations of the CIA." In late 1954, as a result of this, William K. Harvey, who previously performed certain CIA counter-intelligence functions, became CIA Chief of Station in Berlin. ANGLETON became first Chief of the newly-formed Counter-Intelligence component. Former CIA Staff member Claire Edward Petty commented: "In the early 1950's William K. Harvey was performing certain counter-intelligence functions. ANGLETON was counter-intelligence chief in the formal sense from the inception of CI."ANGLETON remained Counter-Intelligence Chief for 20 years, outlasting all of the Directors and Deputy Directors of the CIA. He gained the reputation as paranoid and eccentric, who was seldom seen, even by own staff members. [Mangold Cold Warrior Simon & Shuster 1991]

Raymond Rocca (born February 22, 1917) was reputedly ANGLETON'S chief deputy. Raymond Rocca attended the University of California at Berkeley, where he studied Fascist Italy. In 1942 he received a Doctorate Degree in 1942. He went into the Analytical Section of the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, where he learned content analysis as a Italian broadcast analyst. He joined the OSS Counter-Intelligence component in April 1944. He remained in Italy in the service of the OSS and its successor agencies, the Strategic Services Unit and the CIA. Raymond Rocca met ANGLETON in August 1944 and became his executive assistant. Raymond Rocca remained in Italy until after the 1948 elections and was ANGLETON'S liaison with the Italian intelligence service until his own return to Washington in the Summer of 1953. Raymond Rocca joined the DD/P Counter-Intelligence Staff in July 1955, as chief of its Research and Analysis Group. His functions there included production and editing of finished Counter-Intelligence studies, case studies, briefings, defector debriefings, accumulation of Counter-Intelligence doctrine, and research, stimulation and participation in Counter-Intelligence training. In July 1969 Raymond Rocca became Deputy Chief of the Counter-Intelligence Staff. Clare Edward Petty reported: "Rocca was the head of a CI section called Research and Analysis, CI/R&A. He was very close to ANGLETON and sometimes he acted as his deputy, but did not have the title. For several years before he died James Hunt was ANGLETON'S deputy and acted with full authority when ANGLETON was gone. He had an office next to ANGLETON'S. Then Hunt died. ANGLETON was one of these people who didn't really have a deputy per se. ANGLETON wanted, like a lot people, to run his own show, and did not wish to admit anybody was his deputy."

EVERETTE HOWARD HUNT was born on October 9, 1918, in Hamburg, N.Y., into a family of English and Welsch heritage which traced its lineage to the Revolutionary War. Hunt's Point, in the South Bronx section of New York City, was named after one of HUNT'S ancestors. HUNT'S father, Howard Hunt Sr., was a friend of OSS founder William J. Donovan. When HUNT was eight, his family moved to Miami, where Howard Hunt Sr. entered a business partnership which eventually failed. In Give Us This Day, HUNT described the incident which led to this. On a Saturday, Howard Hunt Sr.'s business partner stole $5,000 from him, then flew to Havana. The next day, Howard Hunt Sr. flew to Havana, found his partner, put a gun to his partner's head, and got all of his money back. The moral to be gained from this story, according to HUNT, was: "An operation conducted with surgical efficiency and maximum speed leaves minimal scars on those involved."

This story can be interpreted so that a different moral is extracted from it: rather than report the incident to the local authorities, Howard Hunt Sr. went to Cuba and was willing to execute his ex-partner for $5000. The moral implied by this incident: if you are double-crossed, murder is permissible.

During his teens, HUNT suffered from dyslexia and stammering. He graduated from Brown University in 1940, where he majored in English literature and journalism. He received an Associate Baccalaureate Degree. He was accepted as a play writing student at Yale Drama School. HUNT enlisted in the Naval Reserves. HUNT reported: "Enlisted United States Naval Reserve, August 27, 1940, as Apprentice Seaman, appointed to U.S. Navy Midshipman's School...served aboard USS Destroyer Mayo, discharge by reason of being not physically qualified for retention." In February 1941 HUNT entered the United States Navy. He was on active duty for five months before he was given an honorable medical discharge in late 1942. Tad Szulc reported: "According to incomplete records [HUNT] was injured aboard a ship doing Atlantic convoy duty." HUNT was discharged because of a hearing problem. [FBI 139-4089-1627] HUNT wrote East of Farewell, a fictionalized account of North Atlantic convoy duty, and sold it to Alfred Knopf Publishers. From October 1942 to February 1943 he worked for Time Inc. (March of Time) where he prepared and edited scripts for a monthly newsreel, and produced Naval training films. He was hired by Time and became a war correspondent in the South Pacific from February 1943 to July 1943. HUNT covered the battle of Guadalcanal. He returned to New York City in 1943, where he worked for Fortune magazine and wrote Limit Of Darkness, which he sold to Random House.

HUNT enlisted as a private in the United States Air Force: "After basic training at Fort Dix and Miami Beach, I qualified for Officer Candidate School...After being commissioned, I was sent to Air Force Intelligence School at Orlando, Florida, where, after two weeks as a student, I was placed on the faculty." While he was in Air Force Intelligence, HUNT passed rigorous OSS testing and investigation: "A few days later General William E. Donovan summoned me to his office. There he confirmed that I had been accepted for duty in the OSS and was henceforth relieved of further Air Force duties." During his OSS training period, HUNT met Navy Lieutenant James Donovan and future CIA officers Lawrence Houston and Walter Kuzmuk. HUNT cited Bennett Cerf of Random House as a credit reference. In the 1950's, Bennet Cerf, a friend of J. Edgar Hoover, had arranged for Random House to publish The FBI Story, a puff piece. Then, in the 1960's, Cerf sent the Bureau a pre-publication copy of The FBI That Nobody Knows, and may have helped delay its publication. [Turner RFK 1993 (xvi)] HUNT named Quentin Reynolds as a reference. HUNT stated: " I flew as an observer with VT11, Henderson Field, Guadalcanal, 1943, soloed SO3C type, March 1943, New Hebrides. Graduate of Air Combat Intelligence School, AAFSAT, AFTAC, Florida. Wide experience with intelligence sources and procedures as part of current duties in AFTAC Air Room, plus special research into propaganda analysis ( a standard lecture for the Army-Navy Staff College), plus professional writing and experience as naval officer at start of war. As a War correspondent, I found out that my experience as a naval officer helped me effect easy liaison with Task Force and Air Group commanders in the theater. I am known as a novelist and short-story writer, and contribute to national magazines upon the request of individual editors. December 9, 1944." HUNT was assigned to OSS Detachment 202, headed by Paul Helliwell (born September 17, 1914).

From January 17, 1945 to August 18, 1945, Paul Helliwell served as Chief, Special Intelligence Branch, OSS, China Theater. When the war ended, Paul Helliwell was placed in charge of postwar intelligence, and awarded the Bronze Star with Oak Leaf Cluster. In January 1950 he joined the CIA. In 1951 Paul Helliwell helped set up and run Sea Supply Corporation, a CIA proprietary. ANGLETON associate John Hart headed a CIA group of 76 men training the Thai Police via the Sea Supply Corporation. [Indochina Resource Center Study 1.77] Paul Helliwell served as a paymaster during the Bay of Pigs invasion in April 1961.

HUNT listed his OSS and military duty: "CBI Reports Officer, Lecturer on Psychological Warfare at Army-Navy Staff College." HUNT served in the Far East until January 1946. After the war, he went to Mexico on a Guggenheim Fellowship. Later he took up residence in Los Angeles and Miami.

Dorothy Wetzel worked for the State Department in Bern, Switzerland, between July 1944 and January 1946. From April 1946 to May 1947, DOROTHY HUNT worked for the Treasury Department, Shanghai, China. She joined Economic Cooperation Administration in April 1948. She married HOWARD HUNT on September 7, 1949. The CIA reported that "DOROTHY LOUISE HUNT [OS 355,750] was investigated for Agency employment in 1948. Her former husband [Goutiere] was described as an habitual drunkard and not inclined to remain in any one place for any length of time. She did not enter on duty, having accepted a position with the Economic Cooperation Administration in Paris. Our Paris sources later reported that Subject's wife was formerly his mistress and was openly flouted as such for several months. She was then described as an amoral and dangerous individual who underhandedly attacked those persons who incurred her enmity."

In 1949 HUNT'S book, Bimini Run, was published; Warner Brothers paid HUNT $35,000 for the movie rights. On May 18, 1949, HUNT filled out a PERSONAL HISTORY STATEMENT for the CIA. HUNT cited Major J.K. Singlaub as an employment reference. General Singlaub became commander of the Joint Unconventional Warfare Task Force in Vietnam in 1968 and was involved in Operation Phoenix. In 1984 Singlaub headed the World Anti-Communist League. John K. Singlaub had been in HUNT'S OSS unit. On November 8, 1949, HUNT filled out a Personal Status Report. In November 1949 HUNT joined the Office of Policy Coordination (CIA) where he became an International Organization Editor. He remained there until December 1950.

On February 17, 1950, HUNT was informed by the CIA's Office of Security that his wife held left-wing attitudes regarding certain minority groups: "With regard to his wife, Mr. HUNT states that she is one of these individuals who carries the torch for minority groups and always has been too ready to take up the battle when any derogatory remarks are made concerning members of these groups. He advised, however, that she is becoming less pugnacious about this because he has constantly made it a point to request her not to express her opinion so strongly. Mr. HUNT advises, as a matter of fact, that at the outset he used to bait his wife on these matters, but as he realized how strongly she feels about them, he ceased the practice. It seems as though Mrs. Hunt becomes so upset concerning racial and minority prejudices that the resultant condition is really injurious to her health. Mr. HUNT advises that he will have a heart-to-heart talk with his wife and ask her to tighten up on the control of her emotions. He will further suggest to his wife that she take the chip off her shoulders, and if remarks are made which disturb her, she should assume the attitude of considering the source. Mr. HUNT believes his wife is becoming less susceptible to remarks which have enraged her in the past. He has promised me to adopt a policy of discontinuing social relations with individuals who constantly discuss matters which are repugnant to his wife. I was very favorably impressed by Mr. HUNT'S attitude concerning my admonitions, and I respect him for his forthright denouncement and evaluation of his wife's shortcomings. I am firm in my belief that Mr. HUNT is throughly patriotic, completely anti-Communist, and that there will be no repetition of past complaints. I sincerely recommend that we close the book on this issue, and start over with a clean slate. (Deleted) OS."

On February 27, 1950, HUNT wrote a memo about his association with U.S. Naval Officer Eugene Simon Karpe.

MEMORANDUM FOR: OSE

SUBJECT: Captain Eugene Karpe, USN, deceased.

1. During 1948 to 1949 I served in Europe as an official of the Economic Cooperation Administration, ranking as an Attache of the American Embassy, Paris.

2. During various periods of temporary duty in Vienna (August to October 1948) I came to know Captain Karpe socially. He came to Vienna frequently on week ends from his Bucharest post, staying, like myself, at the Bristol Hotel.

3. On at least two occasions he flew with me in General Keyes' aircraft from Vienna to Paris, and I had the distinct impression that he wanted to spend as little time as possible in Bucharest because of the annoying and constant surveillance of secret police.

4. On one occasion, returning unexpectedly from Vienna, I encountered Captain Karpe at the Bristol and asked him why he was again in Vienna. He replied that there had been a series of incidents in Bucharest involving servants of Embassy personnel (shadowing, interrogations, etc.) And that I could not imagine how rigorous was the life there for Americans. He added jokingly that he could not even visit a urinal in Bucharest without being accompanied by the Secret Police.

5. At no time did Captain Karpe appear despondent; rather he impressed me a conscientious officer who was undergoing tremendous hardships, but sought relaxation from surveillance at every legitimate opportunity.

6. In October 1949 I encountered Captain Karpe in the Army & Navy Club in Washington, and asked him if his Bucharest assignment had terminated. His answer was rather vague, and my total impression was that he felt I was lucky to be out of Europe, and that he was not anxious to return to Romania.

7. Our association was more than casual, for we had mutual friends in the Navy; one of his classmates, in fact, having been a fellow officer of mine.

8. Although I knew Mr. and Mrs. Robert Vogeler socially in Vienna, I was not aware Captain Karpe knew them, as later events indicate.

HOWARD HUNT PBII/HH/mee.

William Harvey was sent a copy of HUNT'S memorandum regarding Karpe.

Eugene Simon Karpe fell off the Orient Express on February 25, 1950: "A track walker found the body of Captain Eugene Simon Karpe of the United States Navy, a friend of imprisoned Robert A. Vogler, in a railway tunnel south of Salzberg yesterday. His passport was missing. United States Army investigators and Austrian police said they believed Captain Karpe's death had been accidental. American officials in Washington said they were not eliminating the possibility that the officer had been slain. Austrian police said that Captain Karpe, en route to the United States after three years as Naval Attache in Romania, evidently had fallen from a door of the Arlberg Orient express on a curve...Captain Karpe, 45 years old, was sent to Rumania in 1946 as a naval member of the Allied Control Commission. Officers said all passengers appeared to be legitimate travelers and that there was no reason to suspect them of having had any part in Captain Karpe's death."

HUNT and Eugene Simon Karpe were acquainted with Robert A. Vogeler, who had been sentenced to 15 years in prison for espionage by a Hungarian People's Court on February 20, 1950. Robert A. Vogeler was a roving ITT representative who allegedly plotted to sabotage the Hungarian state-owned telephone company. Vogeler was released after having served one year of his sentence. He denied being a spy ; he said all he had done was keep in touch with "Fish" Karpe. [NYT 2.25.50] On Tuesday, March 2, 1950, United States Army investigators "said today that it was possible in the darkness of a Salzberg tunnel Karpe could have been thrown accidentally from the Arlberg-Express." On November 8, 1950, William D. Miller, Assistant Chief, Overseas Branch, sent George P. Loker, Jr. Chief, Special Security Branch, a memo: "Subject (Deleted) OPC) (Deleted) of SAC has been changed to above. Former (deleted) was (deleted). On December 14, 1950, the Chief, Special Security Branch, was informed by the Chief, Overseas Branch, that "(deleted) (Pseudo - Office of Policy Coordination) Please cancel your security clearance dated December 7, 1950. The decision has been made that the Subject is to be considered a semi-covert employee (deleted)."

HUNT'S first assignment for the Deputy Director/Plans took him to Mexico City where he became head of operations against the Soviets under Chief of Station Winston Scott. The CIA stated: "In December 1950 he was assigned as (deleted) Mexico City, and then served as (deleted) until August, 1953." HUNT was trained in Secret Writing, Flaps and Seals and Photography. HUNT described his role in Mexico City as "Chief of the Office of Policy Coordination Station in Mexico City in 1950 to 1952 or 1953." A highly deleted document about the Mexico City CIA Station: "(Deleted) COS Winston M. Scott (deceased) (Deleted) an (retired) (Deleted) (retired) (Deleted)on (retired in Mexico) COVERT ACTION (Deleted) HOWARD HUNT (retired)."

On April 1, 1953, this document about HUNT was generated by the CIA:

MEMORANDUM FOR: Chief, Security Control Staff

SUBJECT: Publication Clearance - HUNT

1. Mr. HUNT is Deputy Chief of a (Deleted) of the Western Hemisphere Division and he has been operating (Deleted).

2. Mr. HUNT has been granted security clearances for several novels during his employment with this Agency. In 1949, just prior to employment with the CIA, he published Day of the Serpent, a fictional work on the OSS in China. He has achieved considerable national prominence as an author of World War II stories.

3. On the last of his PHS he stated that an estimated one million pocket edition copies of two of his books are in circulation. His present publisher, Fawcett Publications, publishes the 25 and 35 cent books which are sold in drugstores, newsstands, hotels, stations etc. throughout the United States. It seems quite probable that Mr. HUNT would be known as a writer by persons in the (Deleted) and that his work would be read by some (Deleted) even though it is in English. It is not known whether or not the pocket book publishing companies have exported their publications in (Deleted).

4. Darkness on the Land is the title of the novel for which security clearance is now requested. There appear to be several objectional aspects in the novel when it is considered in combination with the fact that the author is (Deleted) in Latin America.

5. It would seem that the author's fixation in regard to the superiority of the Nordic to the Latin and Indian races, which permeates the entire novel, would be most offensive to Latin Americans. The Latin American might well argue that Mr. HUNT, like Erskine Caldwell, has taken a sample of the illiterate, amoral minority in Latin America and used it to depict a whole culture.

On September 17, 1953, HUNT generated a MFR on Cornelius Van Manen, a Dutch citizen who was entering the United States military: "Subject stated that it was unfortunate that Hitler did not succeed in his conquest of Europe...HOWARD HUNT SE/CPP." On December 4, 1953, HUNT was granted clearance for attendance at lectures of the Armed Forces Industrial College. HUNT worked with Colonel Edward Landsdale, an Army counterinsurgency expert. During his career with the CIA, HUNT was listed as assigned to the following Staffs and Divisions: PB II, WH/?, SP/?, PY/?, PP/CR/TV, SE/PP, WH/4, DODS/ R & P, DO/CA, OPSER, C/E/CA. In 1953 HUNT earned an Appreciation from Chief, PP, for assistance rendered in the preparation of "PP Operational Aids." In 1953 HUNT won another Appreciation from P.T. Culbertson, American Embassy, (Deleted) for ability, discretion and judgement displayed while assigned to (Deleted).

HUNT served as Case Officer for William F. Buckley Jr. in the early 1950's. William F. Buckley Sr. had been an owner of the Pantipec Oil Company in Mexico. In the early 1920's, Mexican nationalists sent him to the United States. His fortune remained intact, and he used it to again speculate in oil, ultimately amassing a fortune. When Pantipec reopened in Mexico it was part of an oil empire worth an estimated $110 million. [Markmann The Buckleys William Morrow 1973 p33] Born in 1925, William Buckley Jr. studied at the University of Mexico and then at Yale, where he wrote a tome attacking liberalism, God and Man at Yale. When William F. Buckley Jr. returned to Mexico in July 1951, he had some familiarity with the country and language. He resigned from the CIA in 1952 and joined the staff of The American Mercury. In 1955 he founded his own magazine, The National Review. William F. Buckley helped organize the American Committee to Aid the Katanga Freedom Fighters, who opposed Patrice Lumumba. William F. Buckley's CIA file was still withheld. The CIA: "Third party information (Summary of Bill Buckley's relationship with the CIA)."

In 1954 HUNT was in contact with the CIA's assassination unit. HUNT recalled: "The CIA had set up a small group to arrange for assassinations of suspected double-agents and similar low ranking officials...I was told by my CIA superiors in 1954 that Boris T. Pash, an Agency official, was in charge of the assassination unit...Boris Pash was the man in charge of an area that dealt with removals by violent means...I never asked Boris Pash to plan an assassination mission, I simply asked him if he had the capability."

Boris Pash, a former Army intelligence agent, headed the Alsos Mission during World War II. Its target goals were the capture of German scientists and the termination of the Nazi atomic bomb program. After the war, Boris Pash, an associate of John Earman, helped Nazi scientists enter the United States. [Lasby Project Paperclip p203; HUNT Depo. in HUNT v. ajweberman First Depo. undated; Hersh Old Boys p226] Boris Pash joined HUNT at the Office of Policy Coordination in 1949, where he worked in the Office of Special Operations, Program Branch 7 (PB/7). ANGLETON and William K. Harvey directed the Office of Special Operations. DAVID PHILLIPS was asked: "Do you know if William K. Harvey knew Mr. HUNT or ever worked with Mr. HUNT, to your knowledge?" He responded: "I think it is quite possible since they both were in the Agency for a long time." The Operations Planning Director of the Office of Policy Coordination, who supervised PB/7, confirmed it was responsible for assassinations and kidnapping. The Deputy Chief of PB/7, who served under Boris Pash, testified he had a clear recollection that the written charter of the Office of Special Operation included the following language: "PB/7 will be responsible for assassinations, kidnapping and other such functions as from time to time may be given it."

HUNT was questioned about Boris Pash by the SSCIA: "I will have to go back considerably in time to the period in 1954 and early 1955 when I was staff officer of the Southeast European Division of the CIA. My title was Chief of Political and Psychological Warfare for Southeast Europe. As such I had staff responsibility to the Chief of the Division for all political and psychological warfare matters that involved the following countries: Albania, Rumania, Greece, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria...I was of course in daily contact with the chiefs of the various country branches and it came to my attention that we were having considerable difficulty with our Albanian Guard Unit, I believe it was called, which was then located in West Germany. This guard unit had been drawn largely from the retainers of King Zog of Albania...That is bodyguards, members of his personal staff, probably some relatives...The Agency in fact, had been encountering a lot of difficulty with losing agents, Albanian agents who parachuted into the area. And as a result of the rapid disappearance of

our parachuted agents, it became a matter of some concern to the Division. To the best of my recollection, the presence of a double agent or a penetration agent, in the Albanian guard unit was suspected, if not assumed. To that end there was some discussion, the details of which are no longer clear to me, about the best way to cleanse the unit of whatever offending individual there might be, the penetration agent. And I don't recall whether I was specifically commissioned to look into the method of cleansing, or whether it was a matter of my personal interest. But in any event, I inquired around among knowledgeable people in the Agency and it came to my attention and I hate, again, to be so indefinite, although I will speculate on who might have directed me to this particular unit. I was told that somewhere within the overall political and psychological staff there was located a man with a small office. This man's name was Colonel Boris Pash, and my understanding was that Colonel Pash had been doing business, let us say, with the Agency in West Germany for quite a while. I sought out Colonel Pash. I was directed to his office and I found sitting with him another Agency officer named [Martin Lazarus]. I'm not sure whether it is (Deleted).

Mr. Baron: It's a Greek name. (Deleted) is his correct first name, but he goes by (Deleted).

Mr. HUNT: Very good. But in any case, he was known throughout my career as (Deleted). And I was at that point on, let's say, a search mission to determine whether the alleged capability of Colonel Pash in 'wet affairs,' which is how it was referred to, that is, liquidations, would have any relevance to our particular problem of the Albanian disappointments. [By liquidation I mean] assassinations, kidnappings, removals, let's say. So I spoke to Colonel Pash in Mr. (Deleted's) presence. I explained the problem to him, although at that juncture I'm quite sure that we had not identified the Albanian suspect. So we were talking hypothetically. And I might say parenthetically, at this juncture, that it became clear many years later that the actual informant was Kim Philby, the British MI-6 Chief who was keeping everyone apprised of our Albanian activities. So in fact, we had no nominee for Colonel Pash's special attentions. However, I broached the problem on a hypothetical basis to Colonel Pash, who seemed to, he didn't pick up on it immediately. He seemed a little startled at the subject. He indicated it was something that would have to be approved by higher authority, and I withdrew, and never approached Colonel Pash again. This took place in Colonel Pash's office, which, to the best of my recollection, was in the complex in the old JKL series of CIA buildings along the reflecting pool. They have since been demolished. And in Exhibit Four here I give a breakdown, to the best of my recollection, of the PP staff at that time, which we can go into. I don't want to really interrupt the continuity of what I have to say, but just for clarification, so everyone will know what we're talking about, and who was situated where at the time. Then I can go into that apart from this, if that's all right with you. I should also say, and I'm sorry I didn't mention this earlier when I first inquired around for the location of Colonel Pash and his assistant, that reaction I encountered was a rather jesting one, and the impression I gained was here were a couple of men who were drawing salaries and doing very little. And so when Colonel Pash seemed reluctant to become involved in responding affirmatively to my questions, my inference was that Colonel Pash and (deleted) could well not have such a capability, but for the purposes of employment and status, this was the job they had. But they didn't want anyone to call upon them to activate their particular abilities.

Now that was my impression and I was a little disgusted by it. I think I talked to the Chief of the PP staff later, who was, of course, well aware of the Albanian problem and I said I didn't get any satisfaction from Pash, but it doesn't really make any difference because we don't have the name of the suspected individual.

Baron: Just to stop here for a second and clear up some of these details, were you under the impression that what you called wet affairs, assassinations, kidnappings or other removals from the scene of troublesome individuals was the primary function of this unit?

HUNT: Yes, if fact the only. As far as I knew, they had no other function. If they had another function I was never made aware of what it was...

Baron: Did whoever gave you the information about Boris Pash indicate to you that there were any other units in the CIA that could take care of such problems by means of assassinations?

HUNT: No. My distinct impression and recollection is that the function, if indeed it existed, and I believed it then to have existed as I do today, was centralized or focused in Colonel Pash and (Deleted).

Baron: Now what would have been the formal title of the unit that Colonel Pash and (Deleted) were running?

HUNT: If it had one I never knew it...as I recall my conversation with him was a relatively brief one. I stepped in the door, met him, saw (Deleted) who I knew briefly or at least knew him by sight, and I sat down and said we have this problem in the Albanian Branch. We may need somebody liquidated in Western Germany. Can you handle it if the day comes, or if it comes to that? And he seemed a little startled. I have already indicated that.

HUNT'S CIA assignment in 1953 was the overthrow of President Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala - Project PB SUCCESS. HUNT worked closely with DAVID PHILLIPS on this operation.

DAVID ATLEE PHILLIPS was born in Fort Worth, Texas, on October 31, 1922 - a spook who was born on Halloween. He attended Texas Christian University and worked as an actor until World War II intervened. PHILLIPS served as a nose gunner in the Army Air Corps. He was shot down over Austria, but returned to the Allied lines after twice escaping from German prison camps. In 1948 PHILLIPS married an airline stewardess and, with a $200 a month option on a play he had written that was never produced, he and his bride decided to go to Chile to live cheaply. In Chile he purchased Latin America's oldest English-language newspaper, The South Pacific Mail. Because of this he was approached by the CIA and asked to pose as Chief of Station in Santiago, Chile, so that the CIA could observe the extent of KGB surveillance. PHILLIPS told The Washington Post: "I was to be a 'dangle.' Word was to be leaked out in Chile that I was chief of American intelligence there. Sure enough, a KGB agent soon began to cultivate me. I was at the time being paid $50 a month for my services. When that Soviet showed up it occurred to me I should be getting more." [Washington Post 7.2.75] PHILLIPS career with the CIA began in Chile on February 1, 1951 when he took a job as a contract agent at $600 per month with a term that ended February 28, 1951. He again entered on duty on January 25, 1952 and was paid $6,000 per year with a term that ended on August 31, 1953. On March 4, 1954 PHILLIPS entered on duty as a Contract Employee at $7200 per year. On August 1, 1954 his pay was increased to $8360 per year with a term ending March 31, 1955. At this time PHILLIPS was HUNT'S Deputy Chief for Propaganda and he left Chile to become, according to Who's Who, "a lecturer on Latin America."

Jacobo Arbenz, a professional Army officer, was the son of a Swiss father who migrated to Guatemala. In 1944 Jacobo Arbenz took part in a military coup against General Jorge Ubico. Dissatisfied with a successor of Jorge Ubico, Jacobo Arbenz participated in another coup and became a member of the subsequently installed Junta. Jacobo Arbenz was made the ranking officer in the Guatemalan Army in 1949, after his chief rival was ambushed and assassinated. The chauffeur of Jacobo Arbenz, and later his secretary, was credited with the murder. Jacobo Arbenz ran for President in 1950. During the election campaign his main rival, General Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes, went into hiding under threat of arrest.

Five days before Jacobo Arbenz was elected President through massive vote fraud in November 1950, Colonel Carlos Castillo-Armas headed an unsuccessful revolt against him. Carlos Castillo-Armas was badly wounded and thrown into prison. Jacobo Arbenz took office in March 1951. The following summer Carlos Castillo-Armas tunneled his way out of prison and left the country. President Arbenz declared a partial state of siege in 1951, allegedly to control the dispatches of unfriendly foreign correspondents. Arbenz also tried to institute land reforms; the United Fruit Company, the country's biggest employer, was outraged when he expropriated 225,000 acres of its property. The profits of United Fruit began to drop when labor unions demanded $2.50 a day for each worker, instead of $1.36. [Business Week 4.30.55] During the early 1950's, United Fruit was a symbol of American economic imperialism. The term "Banana Republic" had its roots in the domination by United Fruit of Central and South American governments.

Jacobo Arbenz turned frequently to the Communists to maintain his power. By 1954 they were running Guatemala. President Eisenhower, Vice President NIXON and the other National Security Council members called for the overthrow of Jacobo Arbenz. In the Spring of 1954, the USSR began covertly supplying the Guatemalan regime with arms, hidden aboard a Swedish freighter, in unmarked boxes. When the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, Allen Dulles, received news of this shipment, the fate of Jacobo Arbenz was sealed.

In his autobiography, Undercover, HUNT recalled that he recommended the ouster of Jacobo Arbenz shortly after he was elected, but his superiors at the CIA refused to act until Arbenz threatened the profits of United Fruit. Then, according to HUNT, the lawyer who represented United Fruit, Ernest Cuneo, pressured the CIA leadership into taking action against Arbenz.

Jacobo Arbenz lived in exile until June 27, 1971, when he was found dead in his bathtub in Mexico City at age 57. Officials listed the cause of death as drowning due to a heart attack. Jacobo Arbenz had been under treatment for a stomach ailment. [Immerman, R. CIA in Guatemala pp. 139-140; NYT 1.28.71] La Prensa, the newspaper of Buenos Aires, reported: "The death of Jacobo Arbenz still has not become clear. Jacobo Arbenz was found asphyxiated and drowned in his bathtub, covered by boiling water. According to the police, the body was horribly burned by hot water and an autopsy was needed to determine the cause of death. The police indicated that Arbenz did not spend much time in the bathtub and the door to the bathroom was locked. They had to break it down to enter."

In 1955 Allen Dulles dispatched the former adversary of Arbenz, Ambassador John E. Peurifoy, to Bangkok, Thailand. There, John E. Peurifoy and his son were killed in a head-on collision with a heavy truck in 1956. HOWARD HUNT believed his death was the revenge of the Communists. [Immerman, R. CIA in Guatemala p253]

Author Thomas Powers reported that two Guatemalans who worked closely with DAVID PHILLIPS on a clandestine radio transmitter, known as the Voice of Liberation, were assassinated in 1957.

Ché Guevara took asylum with Jacobo Arbenz. It took him a month to get out of Guatemala. Author Thomas Powers reported: "PHILLIPS was in Guatemala searching through captured documents, and opened a CIA file on Guevara."

In Give Us This Day HUNT related that the CIA had initially favored a pre-eminent jurist and coffee grower, Juan Cordova Cerna, to head the post-Arbenz regime: "I thought back to the period before the overthrow of Colonel Arbenz when the CIA was treating with three exiled leaders: Colonel Castillo Armas, Dr. Juan Cordova Cerna, and Colonel Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes. As a distinguished and respected jurist, Dr. Juan Cordova Cerna had my personal vote as provisional president; our paramilitary people, however, were impressed with Castillo Armas' qualities as a military leader, and State had vetoed Ydigoras Fuentes as authoritarian. I remembered meeting secretly with Juan Cordova Cerna in a room in the Mexico City YMCA, and how at a critical time in the pre-invasion maneuvering, he had been forced to enter the Ochsner Clinic for cancer surgery. With his hospitalization, the possibility of civilian leadership ended, and Colonel Armas was selected to carry though. Chance, then, as it so often does, played the decisive role in the destiny of a nation." In Undercover, HUNT recounted that Dr. Juan Cordova Cerna "reluctantly had left Guatemala for New Orleans. There, it was discovered that he suffered from throat cancer and treatment was begun at the Ochsner Clinic in New Orleans." [HUNT Undercover p97] PHILLIPS wrote: "One facet of CIA planning had gone awry in a development beyond control - the moderate civilian who was groomed to become the interim President contracted a fatal illness." [PHILLIPS Nightwatch p53] PHILLIPS was asked "Do you have any knowledge about how Juan Cordova came to contract the disease, cancer?" He answered: "No, I do not know."

Did Dr. Juan Cordova Cerna really have HUNT'S personal vote? HUNT wrote: "It had been decided at the State Department Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes was a right-wing reactionary." In the past, HUNT favored political figures who had been labeled "right-wing reactionaries" by the State Department. For example, he described his friend Pedro Diaz Lanz as one of those labeled a right-wing reactionary. Dr. Juan Cordova Cerna would not have conformed to HUNT'S vision of a post-Arbenz government. Dr. Juan Cordova Cerna, a candidate for election in 1950, was a former legal advisor for the United Fruit Company. Washington lobbyist Tom Corcoran, an associate of Ernest Cuneo, called Dr. Juan Cordova Cerna "the liberal" among the exiles. Ché Guevara wrote his followers: "Keep in contact and be united with groups around Dr. Juan Cordova Cerna...because they represent valuable allies and should not be despised." [Fuentes, My War with Communism p146] After Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes, HUNT'S next logical choice should have been Castillo Armas.

Had HUNT poisoned Dr. Juan Cordova Cerna during their meeting, to thwart the wish of the State Department to make him the head of the post-Arbenz Guatemalan government? Could the cancer of Juan Cordova Cerna have had some relation to the Ochsner Clinic? Was the Clinic unwittingly or wittingly CIA-penetrated? No credible evidence of this exists as of 1996, however some interesting documents have been released regarding Alton Ochsner.

Dr. Alton Ochsner (born May 4, 1896; died August 1981), the founder of the Ochsner Clinic, had prestigious credentials and was the past president of the American Cancer Society. Alton Ochsner was part of the New Orleans anti-Communist community which included David Ferrie and his associate, William Guy Banister. Ochsner was linked to FBI Agent WARREN C. DeBRUEYS through the New Orleans Crime Commission in 1967. Alton Ochsner was linked to OSWALD through these men. Carlos De La Vega, a Cuban exile, was director of Latin American Relations of the Ochsner Foundation. Carlos De La Vega was under a special State Department contract to act as a bodyguard for foreign dignitaries. [Memo Martin to Garrison 3.31.67] Dr. Alton Ochsner was a consultant to the U.S. Air Force "on the medical side of subversive matters," and a personal friend of the Somoza family. [Scott, Beyond Conspiracy p649]

In April 1993, Dr. Alton Ochsner's son, Alton Ochsner Jr., was asked: "Did your dad know guys like Ferrie and that crew? Freedom fighter types?" He replied: "Yeah, he knew about anybody who might have been labeled an anti-communist. My dad was a strong anti-communist and he believed in all these things. He knew all the local people who were on trial or involved in the Garrison investigation. Now he and Ed Butler thought OSWALD was involved in a communist conspiracy. I don't think they thought this was the CIA at that time.

"My daddy was an ambassador without portfolio to Central America, and particularly Nicaragua. He went down there...he was a professor of surgery at Tulane and some of the most distinguished Latin American citizens were the doctors. Some trained under him at Tulane, so he had a close connection with them. Some became government leaders. And he went down there several times, not as an ambassador, but as a doctor...he probably knew, or met, the fellow that came up to the Ochsner Clinic [Dr. Juan Cordova Cerna]. He came up to the clinic because of my dad's connection with those people, but I don't know specifically who took care of that patient or whether my dad was actually doing it..."

Dr. Ochsner was asked if his father had ever been approached by the CIA: "Yeah, some Argentinean colonel contacted my dad and said there was a Argentinean, he wouldn't say his name, that needed my dad's medical attention. He asked him to come down and see him, because for political reasons the man couldn't leave the country. Shortly before my dad saw that fella, the CIA visited my dad, and said 'Are you going down to see Peron?' And he said, 'I don't know who I am going to see'...He went down there and it was Juan Peron, he had a vascular occlusion of his leg. He needed a particular kind of surgery the Argentineans hadn't perfected. My dad was hesitant to do it in Argentina and, unfortunately, it was not politically right for Peron to leave Argentina. He entertained my dad royally."

The CIA reported: "Dr. Ochsner was of contact interest in October 1947 and November 1948. He has been a cleared source since May 13, 1955. The last official contact with Dr. Ochsner personally occurred on January 8, 1962, and with the Ochsner Clinic on November 8, 1963." Another CIA document read:

May 17, 1968

SUBJECT: Ochsner, Alton

Alton Ochsner, born May 4, 1896, at Kimball, South Dakota, is Director of the Ochsner Foundation and head of the Ochsner Clinic, New Orleans, Louisiana.

He was of contact interest in October 1947 and November 1948. His file indicates no further interest from that time.

Another CIA document read:

May 31, 1968

MEMORANDUM FOR: Chief, CI/RA [Raymond Rocca]

ATTENTION: Mr. Kesler

SUBJECT: OCHSNER, Edward William Alton aka OCHSNER, Alton BUTLER, Edward S.

REFERENCE: Memo dated May 17, 1968, from C/SRS/OS to C/CI/R&A - Subject: Ochsner, Alton.

Per your request of May 17, 1968, for additional information on Alton Ochsner that would (deleted) a manual search of Office of Security indices on Ochsner resulted in a record on Edward William Alton Ochsner who is identical to Alton Ochsner. A summary of information contained in Edward William Ochsner's file is attached.

Also attached for your information, per request of May 17, 1968, is a summary of Edward S. Butler which had been previously prepared for the information of the Director of Security.

Paul F. Gaynor, Chief Security Research Staff/Office of Security.

Attachment as stated:

SUBJECT: Ochsner, Edward William Alton aka Ochsner, Alton

Subject, who was born May 4, 1896, at Kimbell, South Dakota, is the Director of the Ochsner Clinic (Paragraph deleted).

His spouse's name was given as Mabel Lockwood Ochsner, born November 8, 1896, at Chicago, Illinois. They were married September 23, 1923, and have four children but the children's names were not listed.

There is no information in his file to reflect any connection with the Information Council of the Americas.

Carlos Castillo-Armas proved to be more dogmatically anti-Communist than Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes. Within a week of his taking power, the new government announced that it had arrested 4,000 people for taking part in Communist activity. Within four months, the Carlos Castillo-Armas government registered 72,000 people as Communists and expropriated the property of most of its political foes. It disenfranchised illiterate Guatemalans (more than 70% of the population), among whom the Communists had been influential. Under the Carlos Castillo-Armas government $900 million in aid flowed into Guatemala, largely from the U.S. The Carlos Castillo-Armas regime became inept and scandal-ridden. CIA was dismayed.

On July 26, 1957, President Carlos Castillo-Armas was shot down at about 9:00 p.m. as he and his wife prepared to enter the dining room of the Presidential Palace. He was struck by two bullets, one of which severed his aorta. A communiqué identified the assassin as Romeo Vasquez Sanchez, 20 years old; it said he immediately committed suicide with the same rifle he had used to kill the President. The first authorities to arrive on the scene after the shooting were all military, including the Minister of Defense. The Guatemalan Government described Romeo Vasquez Sanchez as a "Communist fanatic" who was expelled from the Guatemalan Army six months ago for "Communist ideology," but had joined the Presidential Palace Guard. Eight days later, the Guatemalan Government said Romeo Vasquez Sanchez had been dismissed from the Army in June 1955, two years ago. It claimed to have a 40-page handwritten diary in which the assassin referred to "a diabolic plan to put an end to the existence of the man who holds power." The diary read: "I have had the opportunity to study Russian communism. The great nation that is Russia is fulfilling a most important mission in history...the Soviet Union is the first world power in progress and scientific research." The Guatemalan Government claimed to have found evidence on the person of Romeo Vasquez Sanchez that linked him to Moscow. The evidence turned out to be a card from the Latin American service of Radio Moscow that read: "It is our pleasure, dear listener, to engage in correspondence with you. We are very thankful for your regular listening to these programs."

When OSWALD was arrested in New Orleans, he had the name of a Radio Moscow commentator on his person.

A few days later, the Guatemalan presidential press office gave out photostatic copies of another postcard from Radio Moscow Romeo Vasquez Sanchez had just received. Government investigators linked Romeo Vasquez Sanchez to Moscow-directed Communist plotting, however, no evidence ever turned up that Romeo Vasquez Sanchez was a member of the Guatemalan Communist Party. The death of Carlos Castillo-Armas was then blamed on his enemies within the government. Forty-eight civilians were brought in for questioning and 17 Presidential Guard members were court-martialed. Two privates were sentenced to two-year prison terms for alleged previous knowledge of a plot to kill the President. HUNT: "Now Carlos Castillo-Armas was dead, assassinated by a member of the Presidential bodyguard in whose pocket was found a card from Radio Moscow, and Ydigoras his elected heir. Perhaps, I reflected, the fact of Ydigoras' presidency meant he should have been selected six years earlier." [HUNT Day p119]

The scenario for the Carlos Castillo-Armas assassination was similar to that of the Kennedy assassination. Both assassins were alleged Communists who had no official Communist Party ties. Both assassins were to be killed shortly after the assassination - although there was a two-day delay in OSWALD'S case. Both assassins were supposed to be linked to Moscow - Romeo Vasquez Sanchez via a card from Radio Moscow, OSWALD through defection to Russia and a visit to Cuba. Both men kept diaries.

The man who was really HUNT'S first choice, Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes, was elected Guatemalan President in 1958 after his defeat in a first election resulted in street riots, strikes, demonstrations and general lawlessness by his supporters. In return for quelling the disturbances, the junta proceeded to nullify the election and hold another. Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes won the second election. Six weeks later, he visited President Eisenhower in Washington, to show he was not the "rightist monster I have been painted."

Guatemala was again safe for American investments, and in 1959, Fortune magazine reported that United Fruit was "in Guatemala, Costa Rica and Honduras and is still the largest single private landowner, single largest business and largest corporate employer." The magazine noted that the former Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, General Walter Bedell Smith, had become a director of the United Fruit Company. [McCann United Fruit p62]

Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes instituted land and tax reforms then allowed Juan José Arévalo, a anti-Communist socialist, to return to Guatemala from exile in Mexico City. Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes believed that the return of Juan José Arévalo would eventually redound to the benefit of Roberto Alejos, whom he was grooming as his successor. Instead, Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes was overthrown and Roberto Alejos arrested. In 1963 Roberto Alejos' candidate for Congressional President, Manuel Orellana Portillo, was arrested on drug charges. [Scott, Deep Pol. p337] The Minister of Defense, Enrique Peralta Azudia, took charge of the government. Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes flew to Nicaragua, where he praised the generals who had removed him from power. After this coup, many leftists were allegedly murdered. No reports of the murders appeared in the press in 1963. Nonetheless in 1976, Andrew St. George, a journalist with CIA contacts, located a Cuban exile who participated in the extermination sweeps. The exile claimed he was flown to Guatemala in a black airplane with no markings, given a gun and a police identification card by Colonel Barrios, the Guatemalan in charge of the operation, then commanded to kill specific leftists.

MEMORANDUM FOR THE RECORD July 25, 1975

SUBJECT: Andrew St. George

aka: Andrew Szent Gyorgi

SF # 424 122

1. Andrew St. George was first of interest to the Office of Security in December 1949 upon receipt of information of a counter-intelligence nature concerning Soviet intelligence service use of Andrew St. George as an agent in Vienna, Austria, in the mid-1940's. In December 1958 Andrew St. George was of interest to the Western Hemisphere Division for debriefing regarding his knowledge of Castro rebel activities, however, this interest was short-lived, being canceled in January 1959. In January 1960 St. George was of interest to the Domestic Contacts Division as a source of foreign positive intelligence, and he was contacted by 00/Contact Division then and again in February 1962 and March 1964. His wife, Jean St. George, nee: Hoopes (SF #428675) was also of interest to 00/Contact Division in August 1960. (Note: Mrs. St. George is a cousin of former staff employee, Mary F. Wallen, SF # 34 760).

2. For the most part, the St. George file contains information of a counter-intelligence nature and information concerning his writings. There is cross-reference information in the file identifying at least one DDO asset. [CIA MFR 7.25.75; Werbell doc. grp.; FBI 118-5695, 100-347094; FBI 62-5, Serial 44368 UnID; FBI WFO 118-5519 p5; Wall Street Journal 4.18.80]

HUNT won a Commendation from Tracy Barnes for his part in PB SUCCESS. As noted by PHILLIPS, "HOWARD HUNT was assigned to the American Embassy in Tokyo" in 1955. In 1955 the Inspector General of the CIA generated several reports regarding the HUNT'S activities in Japan. Some were memorandums by Bruce Solie regarding the employment of Mrs. Hunt at the Argentine Embassy, Tokyo, others concerned "Activities of HUNT and his Wife in Tokyo: HUNT and the Screen Writers Guild and Authors League of America; HUNT'S feeling Towards Communism - Stella Kim." In 1956 HUNT worked on the U-2 project: "I had been involved [with Richard Bissell] in arranging certain landing and takeoff privileges for U-2 aircraft abroad."

On June 7, 1956, the CIA generated this Inter-Office Memorandum to File:

Subject: Cross References.

1. During processing or review, it has been determined that a possible or actual relationship exists, or may exist, between or among the person listed below: (Deleted) (illegible numbers) #39128, #36992, #37268, #37736, #39772, HUNT HOWARD #23500."

HUNT'S assignment in Japan ended in February 1957.

HUNT was Station Chief in Montevideo, Uruguay from January 1957 to June 1960.On October 22, 1956, Joseph M. Adams, Chief, Official Cover and Liaison, sent a Request For Security Certification to the Chief of the Personnel Security Division regarding HUNT: "It is requested that the appropriate security certification be prepared and forwarded to the (deleted) as soon as possible. This SAC is to be assigned to (deleted) and will depart Washington for PCS on or about March 1, 1957." Tad Szulc reported HUNT secretly organized a plan to overthrow the Uruguayan Government of President Benito Nardone. [Szulc Compulsive Spy p77] When HUNT'S Attorney, Ellis Rubin, asked him to name the source of this information, Szulc said he was unclear on the matter. The CIA created this index card: "HUNT, E. HOWARD CR #160644 *(deleted) Memo for NYFO May 5, 1958 WH Div May 20, 1958 May 5, 1958 for NFO May 20, 1958 for WHO 0595211."

It was unclear when FRANK FIORINI'S mother, Mary Vona, was born. In 1945 Mary Vona listed her age as 35 years old on her daughter's birth certificate. That would mean she was born in 1910. Frank Angelo Fiorini wed Mary Vona in 1920 in Norfolk, Virginia; their son, FRANK ANTHONY FIORINI was born on December 9, 1924.

STURGIS told the Rockefeller Commission that his father's name was Angelo Anthony Fiorini.

STURGIS: "Both of my mother's parents were born in Italy, and both of my father's parents were born in Italy." In 1926 Mary Vona and Frank Angelo Fiorini separated. That year, a half-sister of FRANK FIORINI died at the age of six. FRANK FIORINI moved to the home of his aunt, Kathleen Parsons, in Philadelphia. This dwelling was a former servant's quarters. FRANK FIORINI lived in Philadelphia from 1930 to 1942. In 1939 Mary Vona married Ralph Sturgis. During his deposition in HUNT v. ajweberman, STURGIS was not asked if his stepfather legally adopted him, but the FBI found no indication of this during its investigation. FRANK FIORINI went to Catholic school then attended Roosevelt Junior High School, Philadelphia, and Germantown High School, Philadelphia.. At 16, his I.Q. was 96. After two years of high school, FRANK FIORINI became an apprentice machinist, and worked in a ball bearing factory. STURGIS would later claim that he had "strong leanings to become a Catholic priest."

STURGIS enlisted in the Marines on October 5, 1942, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In October 1942 he trained at Parris Island, South Carolina. His infantry weapons record listed him as a "sharpshooter."STURGIS was shipped to the Pacific jungles, where, on March 16, 1943, he volunteered for the Marine's toughest unit, the First Marine Raider Battalion, First Marine Raider Regiment, First Marine Amphibious Corps - the legendary Edson's Raiders, where he was a message center man. STURGIS said he "Went behind enemy lines and disrupted communications and supply lines, sent back intelligence information...prisoners if possible." [High Times Interview] He also served as an Automatic Rifleman and later as a "Rifle Gr. Lor. (937)" He left Norfolk, Virginia, on December 15, 1942, and arrived in American Somoa in January 1943. On March 1, 1943, STURGIS left American Somoa and sailed to New Caladonia. In May 1943 he left New Caladonia for Guadalcanal. He participated in action against the enemy on New Georgia Island, British Solomon Islands, from July 4, 1943, to August 29, 1943. On September 4, 1943, STURGIS' unit was given this commendation: "The part played by your force, (Deleted), is a story of sacrifice and hardship that will long live in the pages of American Military History. In the face of heavy odds of weather, dense jungle, and savage resistance by the enemy, in virtually impregnable positions, your forces carried the fight to the Jap, in the (Deleted) region, relentlessly and with superb heroism, pinning the enemy to the ground and with the aid of elements of the (Deleted) Division, flanking him from the south, forced him to eventually withdraw. M.F. Harmon, Lt. General." Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal wrote this commendation: "For outstanding heroism in action against enemy Japanese forces, during the invasion of Guam, Marianas Islands, From July 21, 1944, to August 10, 1944. Functioning as a combat unit for the first time, the First Provisional Marine Brigade forced a landing against strong hostile defenses and well camouflaged positions, steadily advancing inland under the relentless fury of the enemy's heavy artillery, mortar and small arms fire to secure a firm beachhead by nightfall. Executing a difficult turning movement to the north, this daring and courageous unit fought its way yard by yard through the mangrove swamps, dense jungles and over cliffs and though terrifically reduced in strength under the enemies fanatical counter-attacks, hunted the Japanese in caves, pill boxes and foxholes and exterminated them. By their individual acts of gallantry and their indomitable fighting teamwork throughout this bitter and costly struggle, the men of the First Provisional Brigade aided immeasurably in the restoration of Guam to our sovereignty." STURGIS was in Guadalcanal in January 1944 and engaged in combat with the enemy on New Georgia Island, British Solomon Islands. On March 17, 1944, STURGIS embarked on board APD's and sailed from Guadalcanal and participated in the seizure of Emirau Island. On March 23, 1944, he was back in Guadalcanal. On May 30, 1944, STURGIS embarked on board an LST at Guadalcanal and sailed therefrom on May 31, 1944. On July 21, 1944, he disembarked at Guam Island, Marianas Group, and participated in action against the enemy.He was wounded in the right wrist in Guam on July 21, 1944, (STURGIS had a one inch scar outside his right wrist), and won the Purple Heart in August 1944. No disciplinary action was noted in his records. He had attained the rank of Corporal. His principal duties were "Machine Gun crew man, Automatic Rifleman F.T. Leader." He left Guam on March 14, 1945, and disembarked March 15, 1945, at Okinawa, and participated in action against the enemy. He left there on May 7, 1945. On May 30, 1945, STURGIS left Guam and arrived in Seattle, Washington, on June 17, 1945. STURGIS: "I was considered, with my Marine training for those years, to be an expert in all types of weapons." [Rock. Comm. Test. p25] While on leave, STURGIS fathered a son, Ronnie Sturgis, born July 1, 1944. Ronnie Sturgis advised the FBI in 1967: "My father abandoned me. My mother died when my father was overseas. I first contacted my father in 1960, after I saw an article about him in Parade magazine."

STURGIS' mother, nee Mary Vona, divorced Ralph Sturgis and married Almond Kinzell Hulsey, (born January 4, 1913 died April 1974) a 32 year old bus driver for the Miami Transit Company, in 1945. STURGIS told the Norfolk Police Department his mother's name was Mary Hulsey. [FBI 139-4089-146] Hulsey and Mary Vona Fiorini Sturgis had a child: The Navy reported:

To Whom This May Concern: June 4, 1945

Subject: Mrs. Mary Fiorini, mother of Corp. FRANK A. FIORINI, USMC.

1. Subject Mrs. Fiorini is a patient under the care of medical officers at this dispensary before and since the delivery of her last baby on February 24, 1945 at the U.S. Naval Dispensary, Miami Beach, Florida. At present she is very much concerned with the care of herself and the infant who is a feeding problem.

2. According to the credited information from Subject, Mrs. Fiorini, and from Navy Relief investigators, she is a dependent-in-fact of her son, Corp. FRANK A. FIORINI, who has served with the Marines overseas for three years and was wounded in action. Her present infant is the child of a civilian who disappeared five and a half weeks after their marriage. She must take care of the child and herself without help, and lives on the dependant's allowance contributed by her son in the Marines. It is therefore natural that she desires that her son be transferred to duty in this locality and she does in fact need assistance which is not otherwise available. At the same time she is very proud of her son, as a Marine, and does not wish him to leave the service."

Mary Vona gave birth to Carmela Frances Hulsey. Carmela Frances Hulsey committed suicide on February 9, 1971. [FBI 139-4089-861, 122, 911 w/h] The FBI reported: "The following investigation was conducted by S.A. Joseph O'Brien at Norfolk, Virginia: On August 10, 1972, a photograph of one Carmela Francis Moore, who is described as a white female, date of birth February 24, 1945, 5'3" tall, weighing 103 pounds, blue eyes, blonde hair, was exhibited to Angelo Fiorini, the father of subject FRANK ANTHONY FIORINI. Angelo Fiorini identified this photograph was being a step-sister of subject FIORINI. Angelo Fiorini advised that this girl had accidentally died in the city of Norfolk, Virginia, approximately a year and half ago. Fiorini stated that prior to her death, MOORE, whose maiden named was Hulsey, had been divorced from her husband Michael Moore and had subsequently remarried. Fiorini stated that Francis was born to his former wife Mary, and her second husband, whose name was Hulsey. Fiorini said he did not know what Moore's married name was at the time of her death. Fiorini indicated that Moore used to work as a photographer for one Milton Maser. Maser is deceased, however his business accounts were previously handled by one Herb Levin." Through Levin the FBI was able to determine the Moore had remarried under the name Aubrey. Aubrey's death certificate indicated that she had died on February 9, 1971, by suicide, as Aubrey shot herself.

STURGIS was discharged as a Corporal on October 23, 1945 due to demobilization. Prior to his discharge from the Marines in 1945, STURGIS entered Sun Valley Naval Center, Idaho, because of "exhaustion and possible psychoneurosis" and "somnambulism." STURGIS told High Times Magazine: "I didn't realize that volunteering to join the service would radically change my whole concept of life. I was wounded twice. I received several medals and commendations. My last major operation was in Okinawa. I was sent back from a hospital ship with shell shock, they called it 'psychoneurosis hysteria.' I jumped ship many times to get back to my unit. I couldn't sleep. You see, the rule in the Pacific at that time was that if a man was wounded twice he was sent back to the United States automatically. Well, not only was I wounded twice, I spent over the enlisted time and even volunteered to stay longer." High Times asked: "So they thought you were crazy?" "Well, I'd been in so many battles, I think possibly I was trying to prove something to myself by going into the service - not ever having killed a person in my life, then being trained and brainwashed to kill people in all different aspects of warfare and hand-to-hand combat. Killing people with a knife. Silent killing. I was trained at this and I was very good at it." STURGIS suffered from combat fatigue. STURGIS escaped three times from the Sun Valley Naval Center before he was given a medical release. [Jack Anderson Wash. Post 12.60] He received an Honorable Discharge. STURGIS' home was listed as Miami, Florida, on the Discharge.

STURGIS became a Marine at age 17 and engaged in combat almost immediately. If not for World War II, FRANK STURGIS may have become a priest. STURGIS survived years of intensive combat including Iwo Jima, Okinawa and Guadalcanal, which was located in the Solomon Islands. He loved combat and action. He was in so many battles that eventually he began to show signs of mental instability.

In 1945 STURGIS moved to Miami, where he married Nora Odell Thompson, aka Betty Fiorini, born June 13, 1938 at Radford, Virginia. Nora Odell Thompson had a record of arrests for prostitution. The FBI reported: "According to the records of Norfolk, Virginia, Police Department, Thompson was last arrested at that city on August 7, 1953." STURGIS told Robert Olsen of the Rockefeller Commission that "He started getting involved with Cuban people in Miami in about 1945. Carlos Prio was first forced out of Cuba by Batista in 1946. STURGIS' uncle was married to a Cuban woman and was either in exile or was visiting Florida." [RCD Olsen telephone conversation with STURGIS 4.29.75] STURGIS and Nora Odell Thompson moved to Norfolk, Virginia, in June 1946, so that STURGIS could join the Police Force there. He was employed as a Norfolk City Patrolman from June 5, 1946, to September 7, 1946.He quit the Police Department, no reason given, and worked as a bartender and nightclub manager of the Virginia Tavern, in Norfolk, Virginia. In 1949 he was the owner and manager of the Whitehorse Tavern. [Dept. of Navy FOIA req. 5720 ARAD 5U000597 3.14.95 B.L. Thompson; Watergate FBI file on STURGIS]

STURGIS was in the United States Naval Reserve at the Norfolk Air Station from November 9, 1947 to August 30, 1948. After receiving an honorable discharge one year later, he joined the United States Merchant Marines in 1950 and traveled to and from Europe. The Norfolk, Virginia, Police Department files reflected that FIORINI was fingerprinted as an applicant for a National Defense Program on January 27, 1950. STURGIS: "I went to Europe in the early 1950's. I was with the Army Security Agency in Heidelberg, Germany, which was EUCOM Headquarters. While I was there I met a young lady with the Israeli Intelligence that I found out later on was a Hungarian actress...I was going to Officer's Candidates School, and I declined on that." [Rock. Comm. Test.] STURGIS told High Times Magazine "Well, I was in Berlin with a soldier friend of mine and we heard some screaming and ruckus that was going on in an alley. We went to investigate because we heard a woman's voice, and we got mixed up with three young Germans and had a nice little battle with them. The girl was pretty well beaten. Later I found out that she was a Hungarian actress, Jewish, and the three Germans belonged to the Nazi youth party that was still operating underground in Germany. Having saved her life I developed a very good relationship with this young lady who started visiting me in the barracks and all. I didn't realize until later that she was the girlfriend of one of the army colonels who was on General Clay's staff. The Colonel found out about us and shipped me out of Berlin. Through a fickle finger of fate I wound up with the Army Security Agency. When I returned to the States, when I was still going with her, I became very suspicious of some of her activities. I found that she was working very hard for the liberation of Israel and I told her I would certainly help her in Israel if I could, because I was very sympathetic to the underdog. I returned to Europe, met her again, and helped her in her activities over a period of years. I assisted her as a courier in some of the work she did for Israel. As the years went by her work became more serious and there were some things I could not do for her. Eventually I lost contact with her, and to this day I don't know whether she is dead or alive." Documents indicated STURGIS was granted a Top Secret clearance and he handled reports from Allied agents in Berlin. STURGIS received a Dependency Discharge from the Army. In 1952 this was changed to an Honorable Discharge. He moved to Miami and found work as a taxi driver. In June 1950 he was arrested for beating Nora Odell Thompson. From 1952 to 1954 STURGIS owned and managed a bar in Virginia Beach, Virginia. On September 23, 1952, STURGIS filed this petition:

VIRGINIA: IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK

IN RE: FRANK ANGELO FIORINO

To the Honorable Clyde H. Jacob, Judge:

Your petitioner, FRANK ANGELO FIORINO, respectfully represents the following facts:

1. That he is a resident of the Commonwealth of Virginia, and was born in the city of Norfolk, Virginia, on December 9, 1924, and has resided and been domiciled in the City of Norfolk, State of Virginia, since his birth.

2. That he is the son of Mary Fiorino (whose maiden name was Mary Vona) and Angelo Fiorino, and that Mary Fiorino, the Mother of FRANK ANGELO FIORINO, divorced her husband, Angelo Fiorino, about fifteen years ago, and that his Mother married one Ralph Sturgis, and that he has been living with his Mother, ever since birth in the City of Norfolk, State of Virginia.

3. Your petitioner desires to change his name from FRANK ANGELO FIORINO to FRANK ANTHONY STURGIS, for the reason that he has been living with his mother all of his life, and that she is known as Mary Sturgis, and that it is also the desire of his step-father to have his name changed from FRANK ANGELO FIORINO to FRANK ANTHONY STURGIS. (Signed) FRANK ANGELO FIORINO. On September 23, 1952, STURGIS petition was granted.

STURGIS was questioned about this name change in the course of HUNT v. ajweberman:

Q. Did you use the name STURGIS prior to 1953?

A. No. I always used FIORINI.

Q. Did you use STURGIS prior to 1953?

A. No. No; only when my name was changed because my stepfather, because of my stepfather, his name was Ralph Sturgis.

Q. So in 1953, you adopted the name STURGIS legally.

A. Yes.

Q. And from that time forward you shifted from FIORINI to STURGIS?

A. I only use FIORINI on legal matters.

Q. Do you remember how old you were when your mother remarried?

A. God. I can't remember. I believe she was married either in Carolina, or in Virginia.

This petition contained numerous false statements. First, the name FIORINO instead of FIORINI was used. FRANK signed the document "FIORINO." FRANK was living with a prostitute at the time, not with his mother and father. Ralph Sturgis had either divorced Mary Vona, or left Mary Vona when she became involved with Hulsey and gave birth to his child. By the time STURGIS returned to Norfolk, Ralph Sturgis was long gone, so his story that he wanted to adopt his stepfathers name was totally false. STURGIS told the Rockefeller Commission: "Well, the reason for that was that I felt there were too many Fiorinis, Frank Fiorini especially. I don't know. My mother wanted me to change the name, really, she influenced me to change the name from FIORINI to STURGIS, because she had a bad situation with my father and hated the Fiorini family. So naturally she convinced me, I want you to change your name to STURGIS from FIORINI."

On September 20, 1954, Betty Fiorini was shot in the head and killed by Lyghia Buckwater. The FBI described both women as prostitutes. Buckwater was sentenced on October 15, 1954, to 15 years in prison for second degree murder. The FBI reported: "On instant date, Bureau agents interviewed subject's former wife, Juanita Fiorini Sturgis, presently remarried and known as Juanita Nelson...Nelson advised that she met Subject in approximately 1954 and married him at Norfolk, Virginia, in May 1956. Subject deserted her in March 1957, at which time he apparently went to Cuba to work for Castro as a mercenary. During the time she knew him, Subject was employed as a tavern manager at various bars in downtown, Norfolk, Virginia, also, Subject allegedly engaged in gambling activities; however no specifics known regarding this. Also, Subject worked for an insurance company, name unknown, and at Walker Realty, Norfolk, Virginia, as a real estate salesman. Nelson stated that the Subject had been married one time before; however she did not know where Subject had married his former wife, known to her only as Betty. Nelson said that Subject's former wife, Betty, was shot and killed by another woman, but did not know the exact location or date of this incident. Nelson stated that on one occasion prior to her marriage to STURGIS, she took a trip down with him to Miami, Florida; however she did not know what her husband did at that time. After their marriage in May 1956 they returned to Miami, Florida, for a trip, at which time Subject attended pro-Castro meetings at a convention hall on Flagler Street in downtown Miami. This trip was of short duration and the last one she took with the Subject to Miami. During the time they resided together, Nelson wrote several letters to various Cubans in Miami and Cuba for the Subject. In these letters, the Subject offered his services to Castro as a mercenary. Just prior to his leaving Norfolk, Virginia, for Cuba in March 1957, STURGIS started a check-kiting scheme so that he could finance his trip to Cuba. Subject was never prosecuted for this, nor did he ever repay the money. Nelson was not sure at which bank this scheme was perpetrated. Nelson stated that she divorced the Subject sometime in the early 1960's; however, she could not remember the date. After the Subject returned from Cuba, she remembers seeing him on three different occasions in Norfolk, Virginia. On the first occasion, Subject was still in the employ of Fidel Castro and was passing through Norfolk en route to New York City on official business for Cuba. The second time she saw him was in the home of James Kestner, a writer for the Virginian-Pilot and Ledger Star, daily newspapers in Norfolk, Virginia. Nelson thought that this meeting took place in 1960 and believed it was after STURGIS had left Castro. Nelson said she saw STURGIS one other time in Norfolk, Virginia, and thinks it was around 1965, however, she could give no details regarding this meeting. Nelson said that while the Subject was working for Castro she met him on two or three occasions in hotels in Washington, D.C. and New York City. During the last meeting in New York, STURGIS told Nelson he was disenchanted with Castro's activities and was thinking of talking to the CIA...On instant date, records of the Circuit Court, Norfolk, Virginia, indicated that Subject's wife, Juanita Fiorini was granted a divorce from Subject under the name FRANK ANTHONY FIORINI (STURGIS) on May 2, 1961. She was awarded a decree vinculo matrimonii and divorce was based on desertion. Instant date (Deleted) advised Subject, under name FRANK FIORINI, attended the college of William and Mary College at Norfolk, Virginia, as a part time student during the spring semester, 1954 and fall semester 1954 and 1955. Subject was dropped on January 24, 1955 for non-attendance." [FBI 159-4089-474]

STURGIS traveled to Miami in 1956, where he met Carlos Prio Soccarras. STURGIS: "I had family on my mother's side living in Miami. One of my uncles lived there married a Cuban woman. My uncle's name was Angelo Vona. And this is how I got involved in the Cuban situation. She lived here in exile during the time of Fulgencio Batista. She was one of President Carlos Prio's people." At this time, Carlos Prio Soccarras was funding Fidel Castro, who allegedly had promised to restore him to the presidency, should his revolution against Fulgencio Batista prove successful. STURGIS told High Times Magazine about when he first met Fidel Castro: "It was in Miami at the Flagland Theater, where he had a meeting with the Cuban colony. One of his principal underground chiefs in the Miami area was the owner of the Pollack Restaurant in downtown Miami. So, through Mr. Pollack, who I got to know, I met Fidel. I was introduced and Fidel says, 'I can use people like you. With your past experience, I can use people like you in the revolution.' Fine, when you need me, call me, I told Fidel.

No one ever questioned STURGIS' uncle, Angelo Vona, who was allegedly married to a Cuban exile. We have to take his word that this was how he first became involved in anti-Batista activity.

Former U.S. Customs agent Wallace Shanley recalled the FRANK FIORINI of the late 1950's: "FRANK was trying to bring arms into Santiago, Cuba. He and another soldier-of-fortune had gathered up a collection of this and that, without any clear mandate from Fidel or anybody. They didn't seem to have any real connection. They just wanted to get it in, and use these arms as an entré and so forth. They usually obtained the arms from Interarmco, but as I remember, it was such an assortment of gun shell type materiels, I can't see this as a clear shipment from Interarmco. It was an amateur effort. Now a young man came to me and he said, 'I am working with this guy named FRANK FIORINI, he's down in Cuba now. I have kinda lost my stomach for this business, and besides, I've fallen in love with a girl. I need $500, and I want to get the hell out of here and see no more of FRANK FIORINI.' I sent him to someone at the Cuban Consulate who was very skilled in security matters. He promised the kid $500. The kid gave me an affidavit whereupon I searched FRANK'S house and in the house I found what I expected - an arms cache. The Consul said, 'We nailed that guy FIORINI down in Santiago and we have him down there. We're kind of done with him. We kinda of weakened him, and we don't think he wants any more of it. What would you do if he came up here?' I said 'I would arrest him.' When he returned I gave FRANK a preliminary hearing. He wasn't represented, so the Commissioner asked him if he had anything to say. He said, 'Oh yes' and he pulled up his lose shirt and his back was a mass of welts. It was all colors of the rainbow. But FRANK always had this wonderful smile. Fidel was very much indebted to him. It was hard to get arms in there."

When STURGIS returned to Norfolk from Miami, he was arrested for immoral conduct: cohabitation with Juanita K. Terrell. On May 11, 1956, he and Juanita K. Terrell were married. The family of Juanita K. Terrell was close to Carlos Prio Soccarras, and she had been the Subject of an FBI investigation. He met with Juanita K. Terrell in Washington, D.C., just before a flight to Cuba in March 1957.

On March 3, 1975 STURGIS was questioned about his early CIA connections in Cuba. The interview with STURGIS is presented here almost in it's entirety. [NARA SSCIA 157-10005-10125]

Schwarzer: The first subject area we want to question you about is your association if any with the CIA. How, would you tell us whether you have ever had any kind of written or oral agreement or understanding with the CIA to perform services for them?

STURGIS: Yes, sir.

Schwarzer: And about when was it made?

STURGIS: Well, it would go back to Cuba. I will give you the first contact that I ever had in Cuba, which was Mr. Clark Wollan [born June 26, 1917]. He worked out of the American Consulate in Santiago de Cuba. Yes sir. He made contact -- I forget how he made contact with me, but I believe the first contact I had with Mr. Wollan was at the Casa Grande Hotel, Sanitago.

Schwarzer: We don't want to go into all that detail. Can you just tell us the general nature of the services that you performed, according to your understanding, for the CIA while you were in Cuba. STURGIS: The services I performed were to recruit agents. This would be people in high standing, both in the civil government and in the military. The reason for this naturally, is my position that I held in Cuba.

Schwarzer: Were you paid for those services?

STURGIS: No sir. I was asked to -- I was asked if I wanted to be paid and I told them no.

Schwarzer: And what is the basis for the statement that you make that you are performing those services for the CIA, rather than somebody else?

STURGIS: Let me say this here, sir. I, at that time, assumed that the people that I was associated with were connected with the CIA. I could give you names. For instance Colonel Nichols, the American Military Air Attache. I believe at the time (deleted) worked (deleted).

Schwarzer: Did any of the Americans with whom you dealt while you were in Cuba identify themselves as being associated with or representing the CIA at any time?

STURGIS: No sir.

Schwarzer: During what period of time did you perform those services in Cuba?

STURGIS: I believe it was -- it might have been the last part of 1958, and also 1959.

Schwarzer: When did those services end in Cuba?

STURGIS: I left Cuba in June 30, 1959, and came to the U.S.

Schwarzer: When you came to the United States, did you ever reach any agreement, or contract, or understanding, or anything to that effect with anybody representing the CIA to work for the CIA in the U.S.

STURGIS: The people that I was in touch with, sir, were people that I was associated with, or people who told me they were working for the Agency.

Schwarzer: Did you yourself make a contract either written or oral with the CIA in the U.S?

STURGIS: An oral understanding, yes.

Schwarzer: When was that made?

STURGIS: I would think that it started in Cuba, and continued when I came to the U.S.

Schwarzer: Was that understanding which you described which you reached in Cuba ever reaffirmed with anybody or renewed or confirmed in the U.S?

STURGIS: Well, the people I was in touch with naturally was Sam Jennis, that was his code name.

Schwarzer: Can we refer to this person as Jenis?

STURGIS: Yes. The full name is Jose Joachim Sanjennes Pardomo, this is the full name. The other two persons was Louis Sanjennes, the brother. The brother was Sergio (Roger) Sanjennes.

Schwarzer: Are those their correct names?

STURGIS: These are their correct names, yes sir. This is the Sajennes family.

Schwarzer: What were the pseudonyms under which these people operated?

STURGIS: Well, Sergio, or Roger, he had a code name in Havana which I knew him under - Garcia. We worked together in 1959 and continued into 1959.

Schwarzer: What was the code name for Louis?

STURGIS: With Louis, I did not know his code name.

Schwarzer: Did Sam have a code name?

STURGIS: That was his code name, Sam Jennis. This is Jose Joachim. And his code name was Sam Jennis.

Schwarzer: Okay. Now do you know if any of these people were employed by the CIA, any of the three names that you have mentioned?

STURGIS: No sir. My understanding, after years went by, with Sergio that Joachim -- or Sam -- let's call him Sam Jennis was an employee, and had a fairly good position with the CIA. As a matter of fact, there was an outing between Sam and Sergio because of his position with the CIA, that was a little bad blood.

Schwarzer: Did Sam ever tell you he was working for the CIA?

STURGIS: Yes sir.

Schwarzer: Sam did.

STURGIS: Yes sir.

Schwarzer: What did he say his position was?

STURGIS: Well, he never told me what his position was. He told me he was working with the CIA.

Schwarzer: When did he tell you that?

STURGIS: I would say in 1959.

Schwarzer: Was that in Cuba or here in the U.S?

STURGIS: No, that was here in the U.S.

Schwarzer: What services did you perform for these people, the three people that you have mentioned here.

STURGIS: It was everything of an intelligence nature. I took guns and equipment to Cuba, I took men to Cuba. I made various air and road operations into Cuba, and boats that were under my name. And I have the records of the boats that were in my name, and the CIA should have those records. The airplane, a B-25 that I had, B-25 Mitchell, the serial name of that, that was used and paid for by CIA money, to be used during the Bay of Pigs invasion. One or more of my boats were infiltration, I let the Cubans have them for infiltration inside Cuba. Naturally I had contact with BARKER. BARKER didn't realize what I was doing, but I knew he was working as an Administrative Assistant to EDUARDO, which I did not know as E. HOWARD HUNT.

Schwarzer: Were you ever paid for any services by the CIA?

STURGIS: Directly, no sir. In cash, yes.

Schwarzer: Who paid you? This is now services rendered in the U.S. From who did you receive money in payment for your services?

STURGIS: When I said that I received money for my services, it was in the form of expense money, sir. If I did an operation expenses were needed either for the boat or for the airplane, and things like that. I do know that the money did come inadvertently through someone else. For instance, the airplane, B-25 aircraft, needed to be fixed. Money was given to fix the airplane. Diaz Lanz, Pedro Diaz Lanz, who was my personal friend, who was the ex-Chief of the Air Force in Cuba under Fidel Castro, he was one of the people that I did make contact with in the Embassy between the Chief of the Air Force and the American Embassy. He was in exile. E. HOWARD HUNT gave X amount of thousands of dollars to, at least okayed this money for the B-25 bomber to be repaired and then readied in condition for any operations inside of Cuba.

Schwarzer: As I understand it, after you came to the U.S. in 1959 you received money from time to time for expenses, either the providing of boats, or making repairs on boats or airplanes, is that correct?

STURGIS: Yes, for penetration in and out of Cuba.

Schwarzer: But you did not receive any money in compensation for services rendered by you?

STURGIS: No sir.

Schwarzer: Who were the people who paid you the money?

STURGIS: Let me say this, sir. You must understand at that time my position. I had my own funds at the time. I felt that I was a very patriotic man, and I felt that if I was going to serve my country, other than being in the military, that I would work, if and when possible, without a salary. I refused to become an employee of Central Intelligence Agency at one time. And I do have the applications here that I could show you.

Schwarzer: Could you just identify the names of the person who paid you the money, the money you received to make the repairs and provide the boats?

STURGIS: Let's say this here. I did not directly receive the money for repairs. I had the B-25 in my name. I had the B-25 for Pedro Diaz Lanz and a special air group that was formed by CIA which Pedro Diaz Lanz was in charge of -- the contact was there, which I made for Pedro Diaz Lanz, with BERNARD BARKER, who was the Assistant to E. HOWARD HUNT.

Schwarzer: Then it is correct to say that you have never received any money yourself from the CIA?

STURGIS: Personally, no, from the people directly, no.

Schwarzer: Did anybody receive money which you believed to be money from the CIA for your account, or in your behalf, or as your representative.

STURGIS: I would think so, sir.

Schwarzer: Pardon? Do you know for a fact whether they did or not?

STURGIS: Again, we are standing on a legal thing, like, if I was there with you and saw the money being given, which would be given to me, I would say, yes. But under the conditions, no, I have never seen this money being given.

Schwarzer: It is your belief that some of this money passed from hand to hand in that connection?

STURGIS: Oh, yes.

Schwarzer: What I want to know is, who is the person from whom the money came? Whom you associate with the CIA?

STURGIS: All right. There comes to my mind one other person. Let's say Pedro Diaz Lanz.

Schwarzer: Was he an employee of the CIA?

STURGIS: No, but he was connected with the CIA. I arranged for the connection.

Schwarzer: And he was the source of money?

STURGIS: He was one source of money.

Schwarzer: Are there any other sources of money which you believe to be CIA money?

STURGIS: Yes sir. Dr. Luis Conte Aguero...

Schwarzer: When did you receive the money.

STURGIS: Well, I can't tell you the year or the month. It was for a series of air operations that I was supposed to put together. And I agreed to do those operations myself, personally. One operation was over the City of Comaya, I dropped several thousand leaflets over that city. That is not only the capital of the Province of Comaya, but the Province.

Schwarzer: So you undertook certain air operations and you received some money in connection with it from this person whose name you have just mentioned?

STURGIS: Yes, sir.

Schwarzer: What was that money for?

STURGIS: It was to pay the expenses of the aircraft and the expense of the crew members.

Schwarzer: About how much money did you receive?

STURGIS: It would be approximately $5,000 per trip.

Schwarzer: And how many trips did you make?

STURGIS: I made approximately, for Luis Conte Aguero, I believe it was either four or five trips, I don't remember.

Schwarzer: Did he ever tell you that this money was coming from the CIA?

STURGIS: Not directly, sir. He told me that he was coming from the company. Company was a word that the CIA used. And I was very close with him. And again I state that when you are involved closely with the people, you know the people you are involved with. And he did tell me that the money he received was from the company.

Schwarzer: Was Luis Conte Aguero employed by the CIA?

STURGIS: I don't know sir, because a person who is employed -- agent won't tell you he is an agent unless you are directly associated with the intelligence community, then, when you are closely connected with them, then you know.

Schwarzer: Is there any person with whom you were closely enough connected to know that he was working for the CIA?

STURGIS: Yes sir. There is Roland Martinez, my friend from Cuba, to the Watergate.

Schwarzer: Did you get any money from Martinez at any time as payment on account of CIA services?

STURGIS: No sir.

Schwarzer: Was there any other person that you knew to be working for the CIA?

STURGIS: BERNARD L. BARKER.

Schwarzer: Did you receive any money from BARKER with respect to services for the CIA?

STURGIS: No sir.

Schwarzer: Did you ever provide information to the CIA directly or indirectly?

STURGIS: Yes sir.

Schwarzer: And through what channel did you provide information?

STURGIS: Well, it was in a low channel. I was in constant touch with Sam, and BARKER asked me to assist him in some of the work -- some of the investigations that he was doing. And I agreed only after I got in touch with Sam, and Sam says, go ahead, no problem. Everybody was working for the same people.

Schwarzer: How often did you see Sam?

STURGIS: I would think once or twice a week on the average.

Schwarzer: And was this in Miami?

STURGIS: Yes sir.

Schwarzer: And how long did that continue?

STURGIS: That continued for a period of years.

Schwarzer: Until approximately when?

STURGIS: I would say until 1970, I think.

Schwarzer: After you stopped -- why did you stop seeing Sam?

STURGIS: Well, it seems that policy has been changed, policy from Washington has been changed as far as many, or certain, CIA activities. That is what I was told. And many of the people who were working in the area who were connected with the CIA were just being let go. Some were put on retainer, like Martinez. So it all depends on the usefulness that the individual was doing.

Schwarzer: The question is, why did you stop seeing Sam? Was he taken off the payroll? Did he quit working for the CIA?

STURGIS: I don't know.

Schwarzer: What happened at your last meeting with Sam? Did you say, well, this is our last meeting, I am not going to see you anymore?

STURGIS: Well, no sir, Sam told me, he said, the policy has changed quite a bit. Understand one thing. When you are doing work with these people you have been closely associated with, you are constantly in touch with them.

Schwartzer: What happened between you and Sam at the time you stopped seeing him regularly once or twice a week?

STURGIS: Well, I was working at that time. And how it came about, this constantly meeting him once or twice a week over a period of years -- a lot of time I didn't see him for several weeks. And BARKER was the same thing. We were friends before the Bay of Pigs invasion, and I saw BARKER once, twice a week, sometimes I didn't see him for weeks later. Martinez was a little different. I knew Martinez was doing the penetrations into Cuba. And he was working quite regularly at the time. So naturally our contact was strictly, when I saw him accidentally, hello, good bye, and that was the end of it.

Schwartzer: Let's go back to Sam now. When you met Sam, whenever it was, during this period of 1970, did you meet him in business, or was it a social kind of thing?

STURGIS: Sometimes it was business, and sometimes it was social.

Schwartzer: When it was business what did you relate to? What kind of exchange did you and Sam have?

STURGIS: It was an exchange of intelligence information. For instance, Miami or South Florida is the hub of Latin American intrigue, double agents, agents from various countries. And Americans and Cubans, revolutionaries in this area, wanted to know about their activities, who were the bad guys, who were the good guys.

Schwartzer: And that sort of information you passed to Sam.

STURGIS: Yes. It would fall into the realm of domestic intelligence because many of these people were Americans.

Schwartzer: Did Sam ever pay you for providing him with intelligence?

STURGIS: Intelligence information, no sir.

Schwartzer: Did he ask you to get him specific kinds of intelligence?

STURGIS: Yes sir, groups who were planning to do crazy operations in Cuba, or people threatening to do bombings here in the U.S., threatening blackmail, extortion, things of that sort. And this type of information.

Schwartzer: Did Sam ever tell you that he was working for the CIA?

STURGIS: Yes sir.

Schwartzer: Did he tell you whether he was an agent or employee? Did he describe to you what his position was with the CIA?

STURGIS: No sir. BARKER the same way, BARKER told me that he was working for the company.

Schwartzer: That he was working for the company?

STURGIS: He himself. It is the same thing, he did not say, hey, FRANK, I work for Central Intelligence Agency, because you don't do those things, but FRANK, I do work for the company, and FRANK, my station chief says come on, I am going to invite you out to dinner, it is on him. FRANK, here is a bottle of whiskey, my boss says this is for Christmas.

Schwartzer: How long did that go on, BARKER telling you he was working for the CIA?

STURGIS: Well, you don't consciously ever tell them.

Schwartzer: I know. But understand that BARKER was still working for the CIA in 1970, 1972?

STURGIS: No sir, I did not ask him. Once I knew -- now -- well, once he told me what was going on in the community, and so forth, I don't have to go ahead and ask him, hey, are you still working for the company?

Schwartzer: That is not my question. Is it your belief that BARKER continued working for the CIA up until 1970?

STURGIS: Yes it was my belief.

Schwartzer: That was what I wanted to know.

STURGIS: But I know he wasn't at a later date, I know he wasn't, because through the Watergate Committee records we found out that BARKER was fired.

Schwartzer: That BARKER was fired?

STURGIS